Theme of Rebellion in Paradise lost

Hello friends !

Welcome to my blog.
" Paradise lost" is written by John Milton. He was the great writer of puritan age. In this blog you find that the main theme of the paradise lost. The theme is ' the theme of Rebellion'.

Theme of Rebellion in Paradise lost from RavinaParmar4

Sri Aurobindo : Indian writing in English

                Assignment

                      Paper : 4

      Indian writing in English 

Name :  Ravina Parmar

Roll no : 27

SEM : M.A. sem- 1

Batch year : (2019-2021)

Email:ravinaparmar827@gmail.com

Enrollment no : 2069108420200031

 Submitted to : Dr. Dilip barad sir

Smt. S. B. Gardi English Department Bhavnagar

Topic : Sri Aurobindo's view on culture, education, politics and yoga.

Preface :

The essay  " Renaissance in India" is written by Sri Aurobindo. He was a famous political and spiritual leader.  The present essay consists  of three series of essay and one single essay. This essay is published in the monthly review as follows,

- The Renaissance in India - August, November 1918.

- Indian culture and external influences, March 1919.

- Is India civilised ?", December - 1918 February - 1919

- A Defence of Indian culture, February - 1919 January 1921.

This four essay we find that under a one booklet in India published in 1920. Mr James, H. Cousins and others have touched suggestively various side of the growing movement this moment 'Renaissance in India' is a new birth in India. If it is a fact must become a thing of immense importance to herself and the world. In this essay find that various topics in which Sri Aurobindo give his viewpoints about culture, education system, political system, spirituality and many other things in India. 

In this essay, Sri Aurobindo raised one question that is India civilized ? or not, this type of many arguments we find that in this essay. So let's have a look at Sri Aurobindo as reformer.

- Sri Aurobindo :

 Sri Aurobindo was a famous political and spiritual leader in his time. When he was 7 year old then he was taken to England for education in London studied at st. Paul's school and at king's college Cambridge. 

And he was returning to India in the year of 1893. Then in India he worked for Maharaja and as professor in Baroda college. During this period he also joined a revolutionary society and took a leading role in secret preparation against for uprising and well developed the British government in India.

After the partition of bengal 1919, Aurobindo quit his post in Baroda and went calcutta.  Where he soon became one of the leaders of National movement. Aurobindo had begun the practice of Yoga in 1905 in Baroda. In the year 1908 he became the first of several fundamental spiritual realisation. Who is the first political leader who openly put forward the idea of complete Independence in his newspaper " Bande Mataram".

He published at his time weekly English paper, the karmayogin and a Bengali weekly the Dharma. During his stay in Pondicherry in 1910 and onward he devoted to his spiritual work and his Sadhana. This type of many work who had written in his lifetime. In his work we find that the 37 volume in which many famous essay writing that are :

• Early cultural writingCollected plays and stories - 1 -2
• Translations
• The secret of the Veda
• Essay on philosophy and yoga
• Essay divine and human
• Essay on the Geeta

This all the famous work by him. He was died in in December 5, 1950. After his death his work continues by the Mother until date of 17 November in 1973.

- Aurobindo's view on Indian culture :

  In Aurobindo's view we find that  he included the difference between indian culture and European culture spring from spiritual aim of Indian civilization. And Aurobindo said that India is the unimaginably prolific creativeness.The word civilization came from latin word "civitas". His view on civilization  we find that the essay "Is India civilized". The word Civilization is near to culture. That both related to each other.

Renaissance in India that is not a rebirth of India but that is the process of going back in ancient time of great India and you can say revival of Indian spirit. Sri Aurobindo presents his views on modern Indian culture. 

Aurobindo gives a viewpoint about the greatness of Indian civilization and also its revolutionary future. Indian culture is in declining condition was attacked by European and modernism modernism and that is overpowered in the material field In which many danger we find that in European culture, nationalism,commercialism that all the danger may put an end forever spiritual culture of India. All Indian who get English education and its influence they vulgarised and anglicized in its aesthetic notions.

From the beginning of Vedas and Upani shada of Indian literature is the mental activity of so great a creative people in our culture we find that extraordinary and unique things. Indian epic Vedas Upanishads that all is the true expression of the highest spiritual knowledge and experience.

Here Indian polity explained by Sri aurobindo and also is the evolutionary revelation in his usual manners.

- Aurobindo's view on education :

Aurobindo's view on education is very different. One of the work of Aurobindo  that is Savitri in which we find that his view about education he said that , ' education is the study of human mind.' That is the tire basis of life.

According to him physical development and holiness are the chief aim and factors of education. Education is not just to know things and understand it but that is more than that. Education is like training of six senses, training of logical faculties, physical education principle, of freedom moral and religious education, training for the spiritualization of the individual and also gives  a letter and powers of the child that is the true education.

Educational philosophy of aurobindo :

Shri Aurobindo's educational philosophy is awakening of the individual as a spiritual being. Sri aurobindo divided 5 types in educational philosophy. This five types are  education,vital education, mental education, psychic education, spiritual for super natural education. In which the physical education we find that this thought like that he gives a more stress upon the game because he felt that these were essential for renewing energy. So this physical education to control people over his  physical functions and also make aware about body. Then we look for vital education , according Aurobindo vital education is the most important point in integral education.

In which we find that what should be the teacher's duty and also which kind of syllabus taught to students. And also what is the aim of Sri aurobindo's regarding education, one of the aims is to teach students how to live with contemporary time. Education should create a dynamic social construction so that's why education is the most important tool in modern times. And another aims is mental development of the child with social and emotional development of mind without this development mental development is not needed.

Discipline : according to aurobindo in education no need to discipline. Because if children feel fear then he cannot learn properly. In education system students have a full freedom then and than he or she gets more and more knowledge without any fear.

- Thoughts on Yoga  :

According to Aurobindo yoga, " all life is yoga "and basically yoga is a sandhana. Great advantagement of his writing and achievements to learn various types of yoga and meditation system. Yoga through he get the understanding of human mind and also various type of human being. He written many essays about yoga and meditation process that  through many people get idea about yoga and also yoga is became part of his life. And also written how one person who purify his mind through yoga. In yoga we find that many types of Asana, in which the one type is integral yoga.

"A clear system of practice that he called integral yoga"

It is based on synthesis different paths of yoga. According to Aurobindo there are two   ways to practice one by knowledge and by one's own efforts. Many times he written the name of the mother that is not the kind of thing, but that is consciousness and force of the divine.

- His view about Indian politics: 

Aurobindo's Political career is 1906 to 1910. In this year we find that complete change in Indian politics. It  can be assessed that in his political thought through his political career, Sri Aurobindo had forwarded a vivid theory of nation and nationalism and a methodology for achieving it but at some point enough. Basically, Sri Aurobindo wants to become  a theorist, but became a yogi. In which we find that what is the role of politics and how it works on nation.

- Conclusion :

 Thus, Aurobindo was versatile genius. In his work we find many knowledge of various fields. So his knowledge through we know about his view on western culture and parallel of Indian culture. What is spirituality and religion and which way we look at on that both the things. Aurobindo said that in India we have the spirit of Renaissance but to back and just realized it. His mean to say is that to go back to the Vedas and Upanishads. And here we get the Clear idea about spiritual and religion.

Far fetched image in metaphysical poetry by John Donne

              Assignment

                 Paper : 1

      Renaissance literature  

• Name :  Ravina Parmar

• Roll no : 27

• SEM : M.A. sem- 1

• Batch year : (2019-2021)

• Email :ravinaparmar827@gmail.com

• Enrollment no : 2069108420200031

• Submitted to : Dr. Dilip barad sir

Smt. S. B. Gardi English Department Bhavnagar

Topic : What is the Metaphysical poetry ? John Donne and his poem with reference to far fetched images.

Preface :

   In the first half of the 17th century a group of poets emerged who's  poetry known as " The Metaphysical poetry". The word ' Metaphysical'  is given by Samuel Johnson. Those writer who written Metaphysical poetry that all known as School of Donne. And other poets who followed John Donne were

• George Herbert

• Richard Crashaw

• Abraham Cowley

• Andrew Marwell

• Robert Southerly

 These poet tried to follow the style of writing poetry which was initially cultivated by John Donne. Which way they write poetry and express himself in his poetry that thing is different from others.

So let's see what is the Metaphysical poetry.

• What is Metaphysical poetry :

      The word 'Metaphysical'  was first coined by the famous critic Samuel Johnson. His work  " Lives Of The Most Eminent  English Poets (1779-81) in which Samuel Johnson refers, the chapter on 'Abrahm Cowley'. In this chapter we see that in the beginning of the seventeenth century in which there " appeared a rare of writers that may be termed the Metaphysical poets". And also we can say that Dr. Johnson has tried to interpret the Metaphysical Poetry and it's features. And also he finds the following features in the Metaphysical Poetry Donne and his school.

       Definition by Merriam Webster dictionary:

" Metaphysical poetry is highly intellectualized Poetry marked by bold and ingenious conceits, incongruous imagery complexity and subtlety of thought, frequent use of paradox and often by deliberate harshness or rigidity of expression".

     In Metaphysical poetry poet used incongruous images. Metaphysical poet not used traditional metaphor and all the things  that were used by other poets. Metaphysical poets try to make different path of writing. They try to highlight the paradox and deliberate harshness or rigidity of  human expression.

   

•  Characteristics of Metaphysical poetry :

Here we look for some of the characteristics of Metaphysical poetry :

1. Conscious Attempt :

 The Metaphysical Poet who do not write in a spontaneous way  but that is the conscious attempt to differ in the style of writing poetry from the former poets they were not willing to continue writing poetry in the same manner just like Spenser, Shakespeare, Marlowe, Philip Sidney and others.  Metaphysical poet wanted to make their poetry look different from the former poets.We can say that it is a conscious attempt to part with the existing style of writing poetry and to cultivate a new style.

• Two Reasons :

Crites find tow reasons for their desire to differ from the former poets,

First Reason : first Reason is that they were fully aware of the fact that they would have been rejected had they continued writing poetry in the same way . The invention of the printing press helped a lot in expanding education and literacy. So there is a demand to have new kind of Poetry . And also there is a new type of poetry served by Metaphysical poet.

Second Reason : All the Metaphysical were literate and degree holders. They want to exhibit their scholarship and do their to differ from the from the former poets.

2. Far Fetched images and conceits : far fetched images and conceits is one more feature  of the Poetry. They never tried to use and express their images from that field with which the theme of their poetry was concerned they tried to bring their images from those fields which had nothing to do with the theme of their poems. So they are called Far Fetched images. They tried to bring their images from the branches and areas just like Agriculture, Metaphysical, engineering, Architecture, Biology, Geometry and many other fields. Which have nothing common with   theme of their poems. Such a practice draw attention of the readers and it made them established poets .

  George Herbert borrowed imaged from Architecture and Mechanical engineering the best example are : 

• "The church porch"

• " The pully "

Marwell made use of geometrical and agricultural images the best example is

•  " To his coy Mistress"

     Donne  made used of and almost all types of images in  his poems. This kind of practice and experiment for them in which they remained successful.

    

   Samuel Johnson has one remarkable comment to passed on the poetry of the Metaphysical the comment is " Their Poetry stood trial of their finger but not log their ear " the meaning behind s they remain successful in displaying their scholarship but they failed in giving rhythm and music to their poetry. 

   When Samuel Johnson used the word ' Metaphysical' it was in a negative sense, to criticize their poetry but with the passing of time the same term become a term of appraisal. Today their poetry is praised as the Metaphysical Poetry.

• Fetched images in John Donne's poetry :

   John Donne was pioneer of Metaphysical poetry, in his poetry we find that many Far Fetched images. First of all we have to know about list of poetry written by John Donne.

" The Sun Rising"

"Death be not proud" 

"Sweetest love"

" Ecstasy"

"Flea" 

"Dream "

    

     This are the famous poems by John Donne. One 

by one we discussed special reference with far fetched images. Many words and sentences showed far fetched images.

  So let's discuss the poem one by one with reference to far fetched images.

• " The Sun Rising "

   " The Sun Rising" is a well known  poem of Donne, it is addressed to the sun by a lover who is in the company of his beloved. The lover expresses his concern for his beloved by addressing this poem to the Rising sun.

The present poem is also a good example of Metaphorical poetry. Because in this poem poet used many far fetched images like that in opening stanza the word Saucy pedantic wretch. This word through Donne wants to convince to dun that the season end climate of lover can not be governed by the sun. Lover who neither care for climate or nor seasons. In the second stanza the word eclipse and cloud (field of Astronomy) through he compares shine of his beloved and the shine of the sun . 

      The lover mentioned that the sun is not half so happy as he is in the company of his beloved.  He suggested the rising sun to take a trip of the whole world and to make a survey whether spices of India are more beautiful or his beloved the lover is confident  that the shine of his beloved 's eyes us powerful enough to blind the sun . In brief lover consider his beloved superior to the rising sun.

      The word ' wealth Alchemy' (field of Chemistry)  has been used here for the expression of lover the wants to say this he considered wealth nothing but a chemical a coin made of some liquid metal. It reflects Donne 's knowledge about Chemistry. One more Far Fetched image which we find in this poem is "mimic" it is an image belonging to the Field of performing art that has been employed here for the expression of love.

• " The Flea "

  The poem "Flea" is a remarkable example of John Donne's Metaphysical poetry. Donne has taken here help of a biological image of a flea to deal with the theme of love it is through this image of the flea an insect that the lover in the present poem expresses his love for s woman and tries to convince her note to refused his lover for her.

   Here we find that the poem's title itself showed the far fetched image like 'Flea'.  Even We not think about this subject also. In the first stanza of the poem is about the flea sucking his blood and then her blood through this act of a flea the lover tries to bring to his notice that bloods have become on in the wall's of this flying jet. How lover expresses his love with example of the small insect flea like the lover wants her to learn a lesson from the act of killing  that flea she killed it and yet both are very much alive and the same manner .

        If she accepts him and his proposal it would add to their joy and to her owner the basic argument of the lover is that no woman ever loses her owner , if she accepts genuine proposal. On the contrary it added to her honour the loss of the life of the flea has to teach a lesson to her and the lesson is that most of our fears are false. He doesn't find any sin and act of shame . If he has accepted by her the flea is just an example to convince.

•  "Sweetest Love I Do Not Go"

  This poem is about death in love , the poet  here wants to convey that those who love never die. Physical death is no death at all. In love there can only one type of death  that is separation. The poem addressed by a lover to his beloved in which his attempt is to convince his beloved not to be sad, because of his fast  approaching physical death.

   The lover gives an example of the sun an astronomical image  to convince his beloved that his going away and his absence will not be a far long time. In this poem love knows that she sighs and cry because  she has concern for him . He considered it , " unkindly kind " .

• "Death be not proud"

     This is a Holy sonnet- 10 that is addressed to death. Generally speaking, most of the people consider death mighty and dreadful but for poet death is nothing more than a transitory pause in the eternal life. The word poor  death that showed far fetched image. Poet think totally different like that  he can say that confidence that death has no courage or capacity to kill even him death is nothing more than permanent rest to bones and soul is delivered to a new body.

   The present poem has changed my perspective about death.

• " The Dream" :

     This poem is about the comparison between life in dream and life in reality through this poem the poet wants to convey that  life in reality can never be so much interesting and joyful as life in dream and fantasy.

 In which poet said that 'make me her medal'  this type of thing we read for the first time. When he has became a medal attached to her heart he does not experienced the same height of joy when his actually in her company. Sense of honour is become problematic.

  The line of Poetry is :

" When you are gone and Reason gone with you"

 In this line we find that poet's expression. Poet said that when his beloved with him then logic is there and reason and argument  is there but once she goes away he enjoyed full freedom of her thoughts and argument. In love dreams are better than reality.

• "The Ecstacy "

  The  'Ecstacy'  is a famous poem by John Donne. In this poem poet discuss abstract experience of oneness in sublime love. Here poet wants to explain the significance of both body and soul in love . Here the journey is from body to soul and body. When we read the poem then we realized that Donne must read the Indian holy book Geeta. In this poem we find that the overtone of the Geeta . 

" Where, like a pillow on a bad,

A pregnant bank swelled up to rest "

  In the first stanza the word pregnant (biological image). In which the poet said that the poem is not about the physical description and material description in love. It is a poem about spiritual description in love. The lover and his beloved  are together hand in hand on the river of the bank is overgrown- swollen with violet flowers the sweet smell of those flowers cement their hands.

   The very opening of the poem makes it a true Metaphysical poem. The image of 'pillow' , 'bad' and ' cement'  are the proof of it.

• To conclude :

    Thus, Metaphysical Poetry is the new form of literature in the 17th century. In this poem poet try to evaluate different ideas and new things for example and metaphor. They don't use any ordinary topic for his writing. They beautifully used far fetched images in his poem.

Reflection of 18th century England in Tom Jones

           

  Assignment

                 

      Neo - Classical literature  

Smt. S. B. Gardi English Department Bhavnagar

Topic : Reflection of 18th century England in Tom Jones :

  " That's the thing about books,they let you travel without moving your feet"

                        - Jhumpa lahiri

That's a true about books. Because when we read a book then and then we realized this feeling. If we read any books about any country or any place, then we mentally visit that place and to know about that place like we really visit that country. Without moving one step we travel a lot.

In Tom Jones also we find that same feelings because this novel is reflected that time's England. At every point we find that reflection of England in the novel Tom Jones. This novel is written in 1745 and published in the time period 1749 both in England. This novel is considered as epic comic romance. 

This novel through we got information about 18th century's social structure, political movement, education, the role of women and what is the thinking of people.

About author : Henry fielding ( 1707- 1754)

Henry fielding was famous novelist , dramatist and magistrate. In his writing he was vigorous, hilarious, direct and coarse to the point of vulgarity. Generally he tells a story of vagabond life, he did not write for the sake of moralising but he writes simply because it interests him. And also his concern is :

" To laugh men out of their follies"

So in his work we find that reality of the world whether that is pleasant or unpleasant. Let's discuss about his novel :

Shamela (1741)

Joseph Anderson (1742)

Jonathan wild The history of Tom Jones, a foundling (1749)

A Journey from this world to the next (1749)

Amelia (1751)

  The History of Tom Jones: a foundling : 

Henry fielding considered the father of the English novel. No one writer who writes that all the things that needed in perfect novel. Some of the characteristics he takes from his predecessor but that is more beautifully designed by fielding. So we can say that Henry Fielding gave to a novel higher, larger and deeper rang. In this Tom Jones we find that deliberate and full expression at one place and in one significance and make their proper use in one  significance and also make their proper use in his writing.

Reflection of 18th century in Tom Jones:

Tom Jones : Mirror of the society 

Tom Jones is the mirror of its age because this novel through we get information about that particular time period and many great event that occurs in that time. That through we can say that Tom Jones is a lively novel.

Henry Fielding  was not like other writer who takes the story from Classical history , Christian mythology, epic, Bible etc. But fielding took a story from quite connally situation occurs in that age. In Tom Jones we find that reflection of English society. Here fielding create a realistic society of that time. He doesn't reflect only the good things of society but he also reflects middle class family and his problems. Most of the characters in this novel that belongs to middle class. Like the protagonist himself belongs to middle class family.

Fielding showed live situation in his work for example  this novel not only the pious side of the middle class but it also exposes the corruption amongst then and their attitude towards other classes in the society. In this context we find one example in this novel that is the character of Jenny Jones ,she belongs to lower cast that's why the people's thinking is different for her. In Tom Jones  presents society and situation as it was in that time. In portraying of character we can't see that exaggerate at any angle of literary possibilities of exaggeration.

In society ( type of man )	In Novel ( type of character )
More virtuous characteristics	Squire Allworthy
Vicious personality	Blifil
Reckless and selfless youngster roans in society	Tom Jones
Lovely lady, do not have rights, suppressed by others	Sophia western
Poor people , morally down by others	Molly, Black George
Morally weak person of society with greedy nature	Master Blifil. Dr. Blifil

This chart through we understand that this kind of people in the 18th century not only this kind of but this only example that type of many more characteristics we find that here.

 Social development and background :

The first half of eighteen  century is remarkable for the rapid development  in England. Schools , clubs and coffee houses increased. In Tom Jones we find that all the things and many more things like :

The life of town

The InnThe country estate

On the road

Fielding's Tom Jones is written in the time period of 1745. That is the time when social development is going on. The place of Inn is much less orderly than the estate. Here we find that the horrible line between rich and poor gets blurry and people of  different classes come together to gossip very freely. That showed the picture or eighteenth century's society.

For example the scene in the novel which is taking place in the drawing rooms of grandiose London homes always make some sly commentary as to the vanity and materialism of the character. Tom's traveling of England is the opportunity for him to describe the London and its factors. 

Woman's role in society :

In Tom Jones we find that many women characters that though he was discussed women's role in England.

Here is the heroine of the play that is Sophia, she is a beautiful young lady. Her character through feilding portrait as weak position of woman. Here the writer portrait two kinds of women like :

Higher class women

   - Bridget Allworthy,

         - Lady bellaston,

         - Arabella Hant.L

Lowerclass women

Jenny Jones

Mr. Partridge

Mrs. Miller

Both types of women's nature here we find that.  Bridget Allworthy who take her own son on bad without think for him. That is the satire on higher class women who do not think morally. The character of Lady Bellaston is selfish, disrespectful, unfeeling person. She is an independent woman. In society women's position is also play a vital role,for example Jenny Jones who is the servant and that's why the child is her that thing think by other people. This all characters through we find that what is the situation of women in the eighteenth century.

 Education :

Before the 18th century in England, schools were only offered to rich males eventually a poor classes or woman. But in the eighteenth century the term of public school has emerged. But there is one problem that the religious people who don't go to the public school but they choose their academic institution.

In Tom Jones we find that the education system of England. The character of Tom and Blifil schooling day is showing us an education system of England. How teachers taught to students that all the things we find here. So here we also find that the women characters also get an education. 

 Major issues with class system and mindset of people :

In Tom Jones we find that class hierarchy. That is the reflection of the eighteenth century. The family of Squire Allworthy have great estate and the family of Seagrim, living practically naked from poverty. Fielding like to discuss about lower class people and than the aristocrat and city life of people. That's the appropriate subject matter. In which fielding criticized the hypocrisy and deceptiveness of city. In Tom Jones Feilding express that  countryside is morally healthier than the city life and upper class people. Thus class issue is very clearly described in Tom Jones. The character of Mr. Blifil, who is very arrogant and hypocrite about his belonging to the upper class and who are greedy for more wealth. Most of the time feilding very ridiculous and suggesting their fault and foolishness and argue against these class based presumptions. The upper class people who supposedly imbued with superior character .can be so very wrong.

We can say that he try to make satire on upper class people but the last sentence of the novel changed the whole ideas because Tom also belongs to the upper class and the last we find that he was in way superior character. So at conclude fielding's view that Tom is good heart yarn also superior, ultimately he talks about upper class people that is my personal views. In the character of Jenny Jones ,she is a servant belongs to lower class that's why people think that the orphan child  is her. So here no one who doubt on bridge Allworthy, because she belongs to the upper class. So in eighteenth century's society and mindset of people reflects here in the novel Tom Jones.

To conclude :

Thus, in the novel Tom Jones we find that the reflection of the eighteenth century. Fielding deals with the reality of the age and also expressed the contemporary problems. He spread satire on upper class people and their manners. In Tom Jones presents society as it was ,it does not exaggeration.