Assignment : Victorian Literature: Dorothea Brooke as a Modern St. Theresa

                     Assignment

                              Topic :

Dorothea Brooke as a Modern St. Theresa in Middlemarch

                   Victorian Literature

Name :  Ravina Parmar

Roll no : 19

SEM : M.A. sem- 2

Batch year : (2019-2021)

Email :ravinaparmar827@gmail.com

Enrollment no : 2069108420200031

 Submitted to : Smt. S. B. Gardi English Department Bhavnagar

• Write a critical note on the character of Dorothea Brooke, as a modern St. Theresa.

About Author :

                    The novel Middlemarch is the famous novel by George Eliot ( Mary Ann Evans 1819-1880 ).  Middlemarch is the study of provincial life. George Eliot, was an English novelist, poet, journalist, translator and one of the leading writers of the Victorian era. Although female authors were published under their own names during her lifetime. But there is one reason behind her pen name. Reason is that she wanted to escape the stereotype of women's writing being limited to lighthearted romances. She also wanted to have her fiction judged separately from her already extensive and widely known work as an editor and critic.

                   In George Eliot's writing we find that the reflection of country life in England, just as we look to Dickens for pictures of the city streets and Thackeray for the vanities of society. If we talked about portraying the characters, she has minutely explained the motives of her characters and the moral lesson to be learned from them. Her heroes and heroines differ from other writers. Well known name in the English novelist. Her contribution as a novelist is very remarkable. Famous novel by her :

No.	Novels	Publication date :
1.	Romola	1862- 1863
2.	Felix Holt	1866
3.	Middlemarch	1871-1872
4.	Daniel Deronda	1877
5.	The Spanish Gypsy	1868
6.	The Impressions of Theophrastus Such	1879

     Let's briefly look at the novel Middlemarch. What are the issues expressed by Eliot many mores.

• Middlemarch : A Provincial Life

      According to the British Broadcast corporation (BBC) poll Middlemarch is the greatest British novel. In this novel we find that lots of characters, you can say a web of character. Middlemarch is very attentive to the historical events and situations of the time.

               The most important of these is the 1832 Reform Act, which expanded the population of eligible voters in the country and changed aspects of the parliamentary system in order to make it more democratic. Other important events include the Catholic Relief Act of 1829, which allowed Catholics to become Members of Parliament.

                 Although in Middlemarch we don't get clearly a protagonist because all the characters are important at place. But the character of Dorothea is suggesting something more than others. Let's discuss Dorothea's character.

• Dorothea as a Modern St. Theresa :

• 

First of all we have to know about Saint Teresa.

Saint Theresa :  ( 28 March1515 - 4 or 15 October 1582)

            St. Theresa, a spanish Catholic nun from the 16th century.  She was known as a Doctor of the Church as well as known for Catholic Reformation.  Spanish noblewoman who felt called to monastic life in the Catholic Church. She is the founder of the Discalced Carmelites. In 1970 she was declared as a doctor of the church for her writing and teaching on prayer. St. Theresa is the patron saint of Headache sufferers. Her symbols are a heart, an arrow and a book . She was canonized in 1662 in Rome by Pope Gregory XV. "Just being a woman is enough for my wings to fall off,"  St. Teresa said. This statement, written in her autobiography, is one of the famous sayings of this great saint, whose full name was Teresa de Cepeda y Ahumada.

✍️ Personality :

         As we know that Dorothea has a soft corner for poor people she likes to work for them. In Middlemarch she is the only woman that through we got a kind of influence in our mind. We like Dorothea's character instead of other women's characters. Maybe because George Eliot describes it as like St. Theresa. Theresa was an influential and pivotal figure of her generation. As a young child Theresa showed signs of a deeply religious nature. She would enjoy giving alms to the poor. So here we say that both have similar kinds of messages and helping nature.

          St. Theresa spent much of her time in writing in her life and at the age of 51 she felt it was time to spread her reform movement. As in the novel Dorothea who spent her time reading books and drawing designs for a cottage ,she dreams of making a cottage for poor people.

      " St. Theresa proclaimed poverty, she believed in work not in begging. "

As we know that if any literary text is a famous one then we definitely can say that lots of research has been done on that particular text. Here we have the most remarkable novel Middlemarch , so here alao large body of critical works and research.

 ✍️  Here Hilary Fraser mentioned in his article " St. Theresa, St. Dorothea and Miss Brooke in Middlemarch " , how Dorothea related with the author and established the tone of the novel, should have fallen passionately in love with the handsome young Ladislaw by the end. Many readers find it a serious inconsistency that Dorothea, that would be At. Theresa. 

In the beginning of the novel in prelude, we find that the description of St. Theresa and her life and how she became a saint.

" Here and there is born a Saint Theresa, foundress of nothing, whose loving heart-beats and sobs after an unattained goodness tremble off and are dispersed among hindrances, instead of centring in some long-recognizable deed."

Saint Theresa's life of achievement is offered as a contrast to the heroine of Middlemarch, Dorothea Brooke, and all that Dorothea fails to achieve. George Eliot examines Dorothea' s life in part through the medium of medieval hagiography, a form which recognises the tensions and crises through which a martyr passes.

            

The analogy of the saint Theresa occurs along the journey that Dorothea makes at moments  in the novel when her life is taking a new direction such as her engagement to Casaubon, her meeting with Will and Casaubon's death.

"If  she had written a book she must have done it as Saint Theresa did, under the command of an authority that constrained her conscience."

These lines show us how Dorothea compared  and contrasted with Theresa. Both women like to read and research kind of work or to write something that is their hobbies. But here the narrator tries to say that if she wrote a book that should be her own not collaborate with her husband Casaubon. Authority is their but not any relationship.

Dorothea's 'special tragedy' is the ordinary tragedy of most people. In the 'Finale' Eliot offers a paradox because she uses martyrdom as a referent for ordinary tragedy, and martyrdom is both tragedy and triumph. Dorothea is likely martyrdom , But the quarter in which Dorothea actually incurs martyrdom is in her second marriage. And the triumph is the second quarter is Dorothea's initial renunciation of Will.

✍️ 

                 As we know that Theresa is known as a reformer. So that Reformation we can see here the narrative looks into the lives and habits of the people of Middlemarch. It recognises that the issue of Reform affects every aspect of Eliot's novel, we understands how the image of Saint Theresa, the successful, and female, reformer and educator, consistently informs 

any reading of the entire novel, not only because Theresa was successful but because she was a woman. If we think that Dorothea is removed as the novel's central focus yet every issue of the novel, from women's education to marriage, every character from Will Ladislaw to Rosamond Vincy, reflects back upon and revolves around Dorothea.

“The important thing is not to think much but to love much and so do that which best stirs you to love. Love is not great delight but desire to please God in everything.” (Teresa)

In her later life after the illness she again started praying and felt   love with god. She stressed the importance of experiencing God’s Love. As we compare this situation with Dorothea's life when Casaubon died after that she realized what true love is ? And then married Will.

          As Theresa herself admitted, sometimes she felt like “a lion,” and other times like “an ant.” In Dorothea's character also we find these kinds of situations. Like before the marriage with Casaubon she expressed her ideas without any fear and expressed her ideas confidently. But after the marriage she became like an ant. She was dominated by her husband.

Dorothea's passage through the pages of Middlemarch is a painful lesson with all the force and suffering of a religious allegory.

•           Conclusion :

Thus the whole discussion leads us to know why George Eliot chose St. Theresa. Franklin E Court mentioned that 

" The image of St. Theresa in Middlemarch is a positive Ethics."

 There are two reasons behind choosing St. Theresa that is " To suggest elements of mystical dedication and excess that later would be linked with Dorothea". And the second reason is that " At the period in her life she simply may have been infatuated with the life of Theresa." There is a chain of reasons that leads to logically choosing St. Theresa, that to exaltation of women's achievement in the realm of literature and reform during times of male oppression issues and also that is clearly related with Eliot's personal life and literary intent in Middlemarch. 

        In a way Dorothea and St.Theresa have most of similarities that's why Eliot used Theresa in the prologue . So here we can conclude that Dorothea was a modern St. Theresa.

Work cited :

• Catholic Online. “St. Teresa of Avila - Saints & Angels.” Catholic Online, www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=208.

• Court, Franklin E. " The Image of St. Theresa in Middlemarch and Positive Ethics " The Victorian Newsletter, spring 1983.

• Eliot, George. Middlemarch Penguin Classics Edition. 1972.

• Fraser, Hilary. " St. Theresa, St. Dorothea, and Miss Brooke in Middlemarch." Nineteenth-century Fiction, 40, no. 4, 1986,pp. 400-411. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/3044729. Accessed 6 Mar. 2020.

• Pettinger, Tejvan. “Biography of St Teresa Avila”, Oxford, UK – www.biographyonline.net. 12th Jan. 2013.

Thank you......

Assignment :Criticism : Diaspora in Indian English literature

                         Assignment

                                                      

            Literary Criticism and  Theories

Name :  Ravina Parmar

Roll no : 18

SEM : M.A. sem- 2

Batch year : (2019-2021)

Email :ravinaparmar827@gmail.com

Enrollment no : 2069108420200031

 Submitted to : Smt. S. B. Gardi English Department Bhavnagar

          Topic :

The term Diaspora and Diaspora in Indian English literature

What is the term Diaspora :

      If we want to understand the term Diaspora then first of all we have to  know the meaning of the word. Then we go through the dictionary meaning. First of the word used for Jewish people. And principal, meaning relates to the settling of the Jewish people outside of Palestine after the Babylonian exile thousands of years ago. However, in recent times that word expresses larger meaning. Like those who are dispersed outside its traditional Homeland.

" a group of people who live outside the area in which they had lived for a long time or in which their ancestors lived. "

           For any reason the group of people live outside his or her own country. But in the case of Diaspora the people are very conscious of their roots and origins. There is a key role in identity formation also. Those people like to maintain their own myths, and the special feature is that these people try to keep in touch with their Homeland.

History of the word :

                        The term diaspora comes from an ancient Greek word meaning "to scatter about." The word first recorded in 1875-80 is from the Greek word diaspora, a dispersion. And that's exactly what the people of a diaspora do, they scatter from their home and spread their culture as they go ahead. The Bible refers to the Diaspora of Jews exiled from Israel by the Babylonians.

      In the present time we find that the  Science Diaspora and the Corporate Diaspora. In which science diasporas are communities of scientists who conduct their research away from their homeland. And the Corporate Diaspora , use of corporate diaspora reflects the increasing popularity of the diaspora notion to describe a wide range of phenomena related to contemporary migration, displacement and transnational mobility. 

Diaspora Theory :

     Diaspora Theory with its various features has influenced the literature of every language of the world. Each and every language has diasporic literature in which we find that flow of feelings and emotions. 

In the past decade people were Forced to  leave their Homeland to go to other countries and unknown places. And then those people who crave their motherland and feel nostalgia and that is a term known as ' Diaspora'.

New Diaspora :

           New Diaspora based on Diaspora, the concept of neo/new diaspora is explained by Juan Flores in his work The Diaspora strikes Back, by stating that the concept tries to “state what diasporas are, how they are, where they are in time and place , and what sets of relations condition their existence.”

That is focused on  and you can say based on it causes such as Globalization, Neoliberalism and imperialism.

Indian Diasporic Literature :

        Diasporic Literature is the new literary space for writers. In which they faced and we can say deals with two cultures, two places and often two languages. So  the diasporic literature arises under these circumstances. However, in the 17th century, there was a rise in migration from India.

   Those who lived outside the country  and wrote literary work. This is a production of Literature called Diasporic Literature. And also these works are associated with the native land and native Culture. All those writers who write in this criteria are all called Diasporic writers.

                 Indian-English writers like Anitha Desai, Bharati Mukherjee, Shashi Tharoor, Amitav Ghosh, Vikram Seth, Sunetra Gupta, Rohinton Mistry, Jhumpa Lahiri, and Hari Kunzru have established themselves as fine writers in the tradition of Indian Diasporic writing.

                     So here we discussed how Indian immigrants expressed their nostalgic feelings and emotions towards native land. In which contexts they write about native land. Generally, diasporic literature deals with alienation, displacement, existential rootlessness, nostalgia, quest of identity. It reflects the immigrant experience that comes out of the immigrant settlement. That through we understand which type of problems they faced in their life as an outsider.

         The feeling of rootlessness, alienation, confusion, nostalgia, dislocation and sufferings due to discrimination on the basis of race, culture, religion and language concludes into conflicts, fight for identity and on the other hand lead to birth of feeling of marginality in the minority group. This results in the creation of a questioned identity. Any reason behind their migration like financial, social, political, no matter whether they migrated for trade and commerce, as religious preachers, as laborers, convicts, soldiers, as expatriates or refugees, exiles. How they adjust with the new Culture, different climate, deal with different mindsets people. 

Nation and Identity :

          The term 'Nation' and 'identity' are the important study for diasporic literature.  When we think about the concept of nation and identity, it's become necessary to investigate the way of living life and human existence, in the past and present. There we find that the Problems of the nation, identity, national identity, individual identity, etc are the recent needs, which have surfaced, which were never experienced by mankind in the past. Nowadays the native people of any country become more conscious of their own Culture and they think about their own priorities first.

                 At some point the land of that new culture does not accept him fully, and such a state creates in him the feeling of nowhereness that is nothing but the problem of nation and identity. We find the question of real identity  in Jhumpa lahari's novel Namesake,  in which the character of Nikhil we find that he suffered for his real identity. 

In a way every person wants to a good and well known identity,

"One wants to accept and to be accepted"

particularly diasporic identity that is made by various factors. That is affected by many things. This diasporic identity is multi-level. It is also based on the history or conditions leading to migration, as well as the individual responses to these circumstances. Why the diasporic has shifted away from his homeland and also the approach of the host country towards the diasporic community. There are some factors like language, dress, and socio-cultural environment that deepen the problem of nation and identity after migration takes place. 

•  If we look at an old generation of diasporic Indian writers like Raja Rao, G. V. Desani, Santha Rama Rau, Dhalchandra Rajan, Nirad Chaudhari, Ved Metha, mainly look back at India and hardly ever record their experiences away from India as expatriates. It is as if these writers have discovered their Indianness when they are out of India. Evidently, they have the benefit of looking at their homeland from the outside. The distance offers detachment that is so required to have a clear insight of their native land. There is a rare chance for them to express Diasporic feelings.

• But in contemporary time the writer who permanently settled in another country and writes about native Indian culture. Like, V. S. Naipaul, Jhumpa Lahari, Anita Desai, Bharti Mukherjee, Amitav Ghosh, Shashi Tharoor and Amit Chaudhari.

Uniqueness of Indian English diasporic literature: 

                 So the unique characteristic of the Indian Diasporic writer that they express the regional experience.

👉 So let's have a look at how Indian     Diasporic writers express their feelings towards native land. 

            As I mentioned earlier, many Indian English writers gave their valuable contribution in Diasporic Literature.

Jumpa Lahari :

Diaspora in "Namesake"

Jhumpa Lahiri represents the second generation diasporic ‘desis’ whose relationship with America as well as India is thoroughly different from that of the first generation. Lahiri portrays the situation of second generation expatriates who confidently asserts their ethnic identity in a multiculturalist situation.

 Here Jhumpa Lahari focused on the first-generation and second-generation immigrants' adherence to the old and new lands as can be found in Jhumpa Lahiri’s The Namesake (2003). In this novel, Lahiri has explored the psychological condition of the first generation immigrants, Ashima and Ashoke and the second generation immigrants, Gogol, Sonia and Moushumi. The novel critically demonstrates how the concept of homeland creates an atmosphere to construct home and identity of proximity. In this age of transmigration, 'home' signifies its impermanence, displacement, and dispossession.

According to the critics like Homi K. Bhabha, Avtar Brah and Stuart Hall, the floating nature of home and fluid identity have replaced the age-old concepts of fixed ‘home’ and identity as well. Similarly ethnic food and costume act as the symbols of one's ethnic identity. Ashoke-Ashima's preference for the Indian Bengali food like rice, dal, samosa etc symbolizes their shared root. On the other hand, Gogol-Sonia's preference for the American cuisine like Shake' n Bake chicken or Hamburger Helper is better than the Indian food. 

Amit Chaudhari :

    Diaspora in  " Afternoon Raag" (1993)

So in this Novel also the character investigates the question of identity in the novel Afternoon Raag (1993)  written by Amit Chaudhuri. This novel deals with young Indian-origin protagonists living in England who struggle with self-identification. The modern world is globalized and has many representatives of different diasporas living outside their homelands. The novel is a conspicuous example of diasporic literature and is analysed from the angle of postcolonial and diasporic literary studies.

In fact, half of the  novel consists of the protagonist, Sandeep's memories of India and his family life. He is extremely homesick and nostalgic. Who is studying at Oxford University. On the other hand, living in England, he does try to be integrated in the local society. His attempts are not successful as he feels lonely and homesick every day, every moment. As he lives in Oxford we get to know some bits about the life of students studying in Oxford.

Diaspora in " The Shadow lines" 

 That is the novel by Amitav Gosh. Ghosh’s The Shadow Lines published in the year 1988 deals with various issues related to diaspora and history. The novel has the background of the second world war, the partition of India (specially the partitions with Bangladesh) communal conflict in Bengal and Calcutta in 1964. 

              So here in this novel we can notice that the forcefully Diasporic situation. The novel focuses on the political decision taken by the government in India. The novel also has nationalistic concerns. Various stories in the novel are representative of the theme of diaspora, nationalism and partition. The novel has three generations of characters. So the novelist has a lot of scope for free movement in terms of time and space.

              The female character called Thamma who has firm nationalistic values in her and the idea of partition and the forced separation of the people so suddenly by drawing lines in between them. It is the story about the two families –the Datta Chaudhari and the family of Price. The family is associated for three generations. The story begins in a united country called India and ends in the creation of a new nation. Thus we can say that it is the forced diaspora as after the partition the family is separated forcefully.

         So in this novel we come to know how within one nation if political circumstances changed than how people suffered a lot. Here we can see the psychological condition of the diasporic people.

Conclusion :

          Thus, diaspora is a growing phenomenon today, we can only guess what its future will be. Which type of Diaspora included in history we don't know. Here I am focusing on indian diaspora, but if we look at the world's history then we find that a million people who enjoy diaspora, as well as half of the people have bad experiences through the diaspora. So the study of Diasporic literature is the interesting study in literary theories

        India has the world's largest diaspora, 15.6 million people. Followed by Mexico at 12.3 million people.

Work Cited :

• Bhatt, Indira. “The Journey Motif : A Study of Amitav Ghosh’s The Shadow Lines.” Interpretations : Amitav Ghosh’s “The Shadow Lines”. Eds. Indira Bhatt and Indira Nityanandam: 33-39. 

• Chaudhuri, A. (1993) Afternoon Raag. London: Oneworld Publications, 118-119.

• Dutta, Barnali. “Diasporic Identity and Journey in Jhumpa Lahiri's The Namesake.” Diasporic Identity and Journey in Jhumpa Lahiri's The Namesake, www.grfdt.com.

• Flores, Juan. The Diaspora Strikes Back (1st ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-95261-3.

• Ghosh, Amitav. The Shadow Lines. 1988. London : Black Swan 1989.

• Jayaram. N. Ed & intro. “Introduction: The study of Indian Diaspora”. The Indian Diaspora: Dynamics of Migration. New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2004.

• Lahiri, Jhumpa. The Namesake, Great Britain: Flamingo,2003.

• “United Nations Population Division | Department of Economic and Social Affairs.” United Nations, United Nations, www.un.org

Thank you…..

Assignment : Cultural studies : Pierre Bourdieu and Cultural Intermediaries

                    Assignment

                         Cultural studies

Name :  Ravina Parmar

Roll no : 18

SEM : M.A. sem- 2

Batch year : (2019-2021)

Email :ravinaparmar827@gmail.com

Enrollment no : 2069108420200031

          Submitted to : Smt. S. B. Gardi English Department Bhavnagar, Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University.

   Topic :

Pierre Bourdieu and Cultural Intermediaries

The  term "Cultural Intermediaries" is coined by Pierre Bourdieu. Who was a well known French socialist.  Here we look for how intermediary worked for n Cultural studies. In a way the intermediary means a person who acts as a link between people in order to try and bring about agreement as a mediator. How and which way Culture is affected by popular production and marketing. How the Intermediaries are used Cultural test and Cultural connotations. How they make an effect on a particular culture's mind and to inspire them to sell the products.

       So the basic concept of these projects, particular image of the product at hand, suggest particular values and qualities and sell it to the consumer. There is a link between two groups that is consumption and  production of Culture.

They present the things in an interesting way that the consumer wants the things with them.  And also they occur between this two realms like production and consumer.

Their main function is to represent the Cultural object in such a way that a desire for the same thing in the mind of consumers, then who they buy the object.

             In recent years, research on cultural intermediaries has been engaged to a greater extent with actor network theory, economic sociology and cultural economy. Actor Network Theory is about a theoretical and methodological approach to social theory where everything in the social and natural worlds exists in constantly shifting networks of relationships. It posits that nothing exists outside those relationships. There is a concept of designer and users.

             In Cultural Intermediaries "Economy" is also often at the forefront discussion. If any particular region has a good economic condition then also the style and ideas differ for them, from Intermediaries. An  intermediary is offering ‘expertise’ in the production of cultural products. This mediation during the production stage affects the consumption, or perception of a product, though how this is measured is questionable.

            Bourdieu also talked about economic and cultural capital. In the case of Distinction, the specific focus of the research was on how social stratification is reproduced and legitimated through notions of taste, as they are expressed and enacted through consumption.the importance of , ‘considering the interdependence between the two spheres of production and consumption as conceptualized in the literatures on economization and the economy of qualities.’ 

            Intermediaries are external groups, individuals, or businesses that make it possible for the company to deliver their products to the end user. For example, merchants are intermediaries that buy and resell products. That is there  but which type of questions asked by Cultural studies :

-: What exactly is the relationship of the cultural Intermediaries to the product being sold?

-: Does the Intermediaries really  influence audience reactions ?

-: What is the role played by mediators ?

      Let's have something more about French socialist Petrie Bourdieu.

Pierre Bourdieu : 

Pierre Bourdieu was a renowned sociologist and public intellectual who made significant contributions to general sociological theory, theorizing the link between education and culture, and research into the intersections of taste, class, and education. He is well known for pioneering such terms as "symbolic violence," "cultural capital," and "habitus."

Notable work by him :

The School as a Conservative Force (1966)

Outline of a Theory of Practice (1977)

Reproduction in Education, Society, and Culture (1977)

Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste (1984)

"Forms of Capital" (1986)

Language and Symbolic Power (1991)

       These are the famous works by him in which I wanted to include 'Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste.' In this work we find that. He was discussed about Cultural Intermediaries. Although cultural intermediaries are not discussed in a level of detail commensurate with the scale of Bourdieu’s study.

        In this work  he discussed five interrelated dimensions of his account that pertain to Cultural Intermediaries.

• New economy, new class relations :-

Bourdieu’s analysis of cultural intermediary occupations is informed by what he 

regarded as a new economy. Cultural intermediary occupations are, for Bourdieu, an effect both of an economy requiring the production of need, and of class anxiety about upward and downward social mobility. It is the latter factor that attracts most of Bourdieu’s attention: this strengthens his understanding of the subjective dynamics at play for the new petite bourgeoisie. However, it is also a limitation, as noted by critics who complain that Bourdieu largely ignores the institutional, political economic context of cultural industries and the division of labour that has developed therein.

• New occupations :-

           New occupations also play a vital role in Cultural Intermediaries. How Intermediaries affect the newly formed occupations. Both class fractions of new occupations are involved in the creation of wants. The new bourgeois cultural intermediaries are the instigators of new tastes and practices, because their profits and power are reliant on the production of needs.

• Taste makers :-

Cultural intermediaries are defined by their work as taste makers. This is intertwined with Bourdieu’s understanding of how taste operates as ‘a match-maker’ between people and things . Cultural intermediaries cannot enforce desires or purchases; rather, they create the conditions for consumers to identify their tastes in goods.

• Expertise and legitimacy :-

                      Cultural intermediaries are not simply taste makers; they are professional taste makers and ‘authorities of legitimation’. Through professionalization strategies, ‘new’ cul-

Tural intermediary occupations will emerge, to compete over what counts as ‘good'.

• Cultural capital and dispositions :-

            Bourdieu mentioned that the link between cultural intermediary occupations and individual practitioners’ habits, and particularly their stocks of cultural capital and subjective dispositions. So in Cultural Intermediaries we find that the importance of Cultural capital.

✍️ And also He established two relationships. On the one hand, there is a close link between cultural practices 

e.g. what people like to do, and how they do it,

 and educational capital and social origin that is the amount of formal education received, and social class of parents.

           On the other hand, people with similar amounts of education from different social origins may be similar in what they like and do in areas of ‘legitimate’ culture 

e.g. their views of modern art or composers – knowledge that is more readily transmitted via education) but will differ most in areas of everyday life, such as clothing, furniture and food 

choice.

There is also the importance of power as power dominates many things. Even the lifestyle of common people is also dominated by those who are in  power and also the center of the society. The norns and conditions made by them. If they are producing any product then they create circumstances and situations to consume this product that is something valuable and great.

          Julian Matthews and Jennifer Smith Maguire in the introduction to their recent publication The Cultural Intermediaries Reader open with the following statement:

‘Cultural intermediaries are the taste makers defining what counts as good taste and cool culture in today’s marketplace. Working at the intersection of culture and economy, they perform critical operations in the production and promotion of consumption, constructing legitimacy and adding value through the qualification of goods.’

      How Intermediaries check everything about their consumer where they belong , which type of economic condition they have, that all the things through they desides their plan for marketing and advertising for products. 

In which we can say that marketing and advertising  is the best example for the cultural Intermediaries, this is also an important things, "comes into its own in all the occupations involving presentation and representation (sales, marketing, advertising, public relations, fashion, decoration and so forth) and in all the institutions providing symbolic goods and services. "

        If we take examples of the film industry then we understand how the Cultural Intermediaries worked in society. On the production side we have producers, directors, film making companies and the celebrity stars. And also on the consumption side we have large numbers of people. Today we can not come to any film that is unknown to the audience. So today because of social media everyone knows about everything. How this is achieved is part of Cultural studies.

       As we know that marketing and advertising is the best way to reach Cultural context. The production house plays a vital role in intermediaries. The marketing wing of the flim and the distribution agency put promotional materials. They make various advertisements for films, make big hoardings. In various T.V. serials we find that the elements of upcoming films and the hero actors go on the set and introduce their upcoming films. Before the release of the movie they go to every platform that most people like, the music and the songs, steps of the dance goes viral and that through large numbers of audience attract towards the films.

     Now the actor and actress themselves introduce his or her films through their social media accounts. The news channels introduced the films and gave short interviews. The magazine and the newspaper also published an article on films. 

              So they tried to reach every aspect of life that the audience should use. They know the Cultural context of the audience and work upon that. In a way that is the Intermediaries that goes to hand with the Audience.

           So the advertising and the marketing is the key moments the process wrei Cultural products are 'sold'. It is possible that the Cultural Intermediaries have knowledge of the actual process of the Cultural Intermediaries. They don't think about the economic condition of that man, but they just make the materials of production and produced it. That is the expertise with the Cultural Intermediaries. We can even say that the fan club of the particular star that is the good Cultural Intermediaries.  So in a way not only this factor but also that political parties also play a role in between.

Conclusion :

              In closing, we note that while the ‘cultural turn’ has generated significant and nuanced accounts of the agency of consumers, and compelling analyses of the macro-structures of consumer culture, in our scholarship and popular imaginaries the market remains removed by and large from our considerations of culture.

        Now we can find digital Cultural Intermediaries in which we take examples of celebrities who make videos on what products they use for their everyday life's makeup. They gave us names of products and recommended us to use these products. In a way that is the Intermediaries in digital platform. Like YouTube, Facebook, tweeter and Instagram.

Work Cited :

Bourdieu, P. Distinction, a Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste. London: Routledge. (1984) [1979].

Crossman, Ashley. "A Brief Biography of Pierre Bourdieu." ThoughtCo, Feb. 11, 2020, thoughtco.com/pierre-bourdieu-3026496.

Du Gay, P. & Nixon, S. Who Needs Cultural Intermediaries? Cultural Studies. Vol 16, No 4, pp. 495-500.

Matthews, J. & Smith, J. (eds) . The Cultural Intermediaries Reader. London: Sage.(2014).

Nayar, Pramod K. An Introduction of Cultural studies. Viva Books Private Limited, April 20,2011.

Thank you……….

Presentation : Search for one's true Vocation and its frustration in Middlemarch.

Search for one's true Vocation and its frustration in Middlemarch. from RavinaParmar4