Workshop on Cultural studies by Dr. Kalyani Vallath

Hello readers!

Welcome to my world. Here in this blog I am going to share my experience and understanding of cultural studies. In this fruitful workshop we got chance to know about cultural studies and  it's various key points.She is the highly passionate teacher and an edu-entrepreneur. Her style to explain each and every point with example is wonderful.She came from Trivandrum, Kerala. She do her Phd on children cinema in Canada.

As part of  activity, we have to explain several questions that is asked by sir. That all questions are given below.

⭐What is your understanding about the concept  of cultural studies ?

Before the session I am not able to speak confidently about what is Cultural studies but after the session I think I had cleared concept about it. Cultural studies is about studying human nature and culture, that is the study of us. Culture is related to our society. If look at how Culture change then we can say that culture transforms in individual experience, social realities, power relations. Also we can say that cultural studies deals  Culture  as part of everyday Life.  Cultural studies innovative interdisciplinary field of research  and teaching.

⭐How would you explain a layman about cultural studies ?

Earlier the word culture belongs to only the high class or sophisticated but new revival in cultural studies emphasis more on  ordinary people. As Matthew Arnold  mentioned that 'Culture is study is about perfection'. And also culture is talk about elite and high class people now time in the beginning of the culture studies in which we find that the layman frist.So there were first theorist who belongs to Frankfurt School are like...

Max Horkheimer,

Theodor Adorno, 

Erich Fromm,

Herbert Marcuse, 

Walter Benjamin, 

Leo Lowenthal.

We can not say that layman don't have culture but they also have culture and rituals.

⭐How many examples from the session were so catchy that you will never forget it ? What about it.

Kalyani Vallath ma'am taught us with example that through we easily get understand the theory or the things. When she gave an example that time the image create in our mind and that through we understand the theory perfectly. 

How Culture transforms in individual experience, for this understanding ma'am gave her on example that is she realized in flite way to Singapore. When she asked for food then she chooses the Asian food. And then she got very different types of food. That she can't eat. So that through ma'am said that how this experience through my thinking has changed because she thinks that Asian food means like Indian food. How Culture is differentiate us. So the individual experience transforms our mentality.

Another example is about cloth in which madam talk about how people judge women in ground of her dressing style.If women wear 'Sari ' then she is very devoted and genuine women. But if one woman who denies to wear sari and choose other dresses then that is the big crime. Society look her in a 'different' way.

Thank you ....

Shashi tharoor

Hello readers !

Welcome to my blog. This is about famous author Shashi Tharoor. 

He was the Indian politician, writer and a former international diplomat. And also he is an acclaimed writer having authored 18 bestselling works of fiction and non- fiction. Who is currently serving as member of parliament, Lok Sabha  from Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala since 2009. In this year he won the very famous Sahitya Akademi award for 2019. This award goes to his famous creatively non-fiction work " An Era of Darkness ".

In this blog we listen to the interview of Shashi tharoor and then write down our likes and  dislikes. (Click here to watch interviews )

This work is published in 2017.  This is written in a post colonial context. How the British empire is ruled on Indian people. And also the thing is how they make a disastrous effect on in Indian Economy. In his interview we find that many arguments that I like the most. 

• Indian Economy :

Through the interview we got the information about the economic percentage of India.  In the time period 1600 when Britishers came to India and at that time India's GDP was twenty three percent. When they left India and  at that time GDP was only three percent. That showed us how they lumbered the indian. Another thing is that Britisher increase their percentage. As we know that ancient India is known as "sone ki Chirya" the golden sparrow. They bring everything from India and increase their wealth.

English language :

How English language came in india. Through the Britishers, right. Britishers who speak in English language and that is the gifted language by them. Shashi Tharoor argued that the credit of this english language does not go to the Britishers but the Indians. Because they took a English as a language for their work.

Development of Railway in India :

Another argument is that Indian railway's credit goes to the Britishers and in which we don't find any colonial aspects. But Shashi Tharoor said that the Indian Railways are the big colonial stamp.  Railway's is not helpful to Indian people as much as Britishers because through the railway they increase their wealth and easily find the raw materials and easy transportation. And also transportation of labours. So that through Shashi Tharoor made his point clear that the Railways are the big colonial stamp.

How different is British Colonial rules from others :

In world history we can find out the different countries like France, Belgium, England's colonial rules are different. In India we got freedom through Gandhi's अहींसा. If we make Ahinsa agitate in front of churchill. Then there is no worth. Shashi Tharoor said that the Colonial rules are different.

 👉 Reviews of the book :

I have read the reviews of the book ' An era of darkness'. In this review we understand the situations and how Britishers ruled upon us. How cruelly they ruled upon us.

(As Tharoor points out, prior to colonialism India was one of the foremost world economies, a country of great craftsmen and culture, the birth-place of many great religions and philosophical theories, a land which, like all others had experienced is fair share of intolerance and oppression, but still a place where a multitude of communities had co-existed in relative peace and harmony. It is therefore one of the greatest-and most insidious-myths peddled by the British that India was a bucolic backwater, whose citizens were stuck in a stupor of stupidity and ignoble idiocy, waiting to be roused by the great British liberators. In reality  greed, avarice, racism and the cold calculating laws of the market and realpolitik were the motivating factors behind colonialism, to drain Indian of it’s resource , both intellectual and economical; the idea that colonialism was driven by some sort of altruistic motive, or by the ideas of the enlightenment is ridiculous.) -Inderjit Sanghera

Also many people said that the British abolished the evil of indian society. But Shashi Tharoor points out that that is not true. The abolition of the cruel rules in India that is not because of the Britishers but the Indians like Raja Ram mohan Roy and others. Who fight against the evils of Indian society.

Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o :

             Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o is a Kenyan writer and academic who writes primarily in Gikuyu. His work includes novels, plays, short stories, and essays, ranging from literary and social criticism to children's literature.

Summarise Ngugi Wa Thiong'o's views on Introduction : Towards the Universal Language of Struggles from - Decolonising the mind : The Politics of language in African Literature :

        This is a collection of essays about language and its constructive role in national culture, history, and identity.

Decolonising the Mind is split into four essays:

"The Language of African Literature," 

"The Language of African Theatre,"

 "The Language of African Fiction,"

 and "The Quest for Relevance."

Ngũgĩ describes the book as 

"a summary of some of the issues in which I have been passionately involved for the last twenty years of my practice in fiction, theatre, criticism, and in teaching of literature".

References :

Thiong'o, Ngũgĩ wa (1986). Decolonising the Mind. ISBN 0-435-08016-4.

Thank you.......

Also many people said that Britisher who abolished evil of the indian society. But Shashi Tharoor point out that, that is not true. The abolition of the cruel rules in India that is not because of the Britishers but the Indians like Raja Ram mohan Roy and others. Who fight against the evils of Indian society.

Thank you.......

Thinking activity on John Keats

Hello readers !

This blog is a part of thinking activity. In our syllabus we have paper of romantic literature. In which we learnt about John Keats (1895-1821) and his poem like Ode to Nightingale, Ode to Autumn, Grecian Urn, Psyche. This thinking activity is given by Heenaba Zala. 

So in  this task we have to find out how death is generally dealt by other writers in literature. Normally people don't want to talk about Death. Even some of the people can't think about death because they feel fear. They can't eccept the reality . Generally most of the people considered death as mighty and dreadful. But if we look for a literature and then we find that poet or author have various thoughts on death. They showed us every side of the death that is good or bad.

"Death is not the opposite of life but a part of it "

Let's see how John Keats portrayed death in the poem Ode to Nightingale :

This poem is the quite a long poem, in which eight stanzas.

"Darkling, I listen and far many a time,
I have been in love with easeful Death,
Call'd him soft names in many a mused rhyme, 
To take into the air my quiet breath "


In this poem we find that he was tried to enter the life of Nightingale. He uses a strong symbolic meaning of the Nightingale and it's world to ascape from harsh reality. He uses imagery of Nightingale. If we look historically then we got the idea about how poet use this imagery in poem, Nightingale represent the freedom and inspiration. But here John Keats including many more things. He explore deepest creative expression and the mortality of human life. Keats focused on death and. It's in evitbilily in his work. For Keats small, slow acts of death occurred every day.

👉  Other poet's view on Death :

• John Donne : Death be not proud ( click here to read poetry )

The famous poem " Death be not proud" is written by pioneer of Metaphysical poetry, John Donne. In which he came from very different perception about death. In this poem's title itself suggest that ' death don't be proud'. Here poet think totally different than John Keats. John Donne can say that confidently, that death has no courage of capacity to kill even him death is nothing more than permanent rest to bones and soul is delivered to a new body.

" For those whom thou think'st thou dost overthrow

Die not, poor Death, nor yet canst thou kill me.....

And soonest our best men with thee do go,

Rest of their bones, and soul's delivery."

Here John Donne said that o poor death you can't kill me. Death is not a painful experience but this is the rest of the life. Our soul is Never died.

" One short sleep past, we wake eternally

And death shall be no more; Death, thou shalt die."

This lines through poet wants to say that death is nothing but a mere sleep in between man's earthly lives and the eternal after life. Death no more visit them. Donne proved death's powerlessness in the end of the poem. And also said that death is itself die not a man.  So poet's mean to say that those who dies is actually dead. And one more thing  is death is the pitiable figure like in this poem the word : " poor death".

• Emily Dickinson( 1830-1886) : "Because I could not stop for death " (click here)

'Because I could not stop for death' is a lyrical poem, first published posthumously in Poems : series 1 in 1890. Many of her poems deal with  the theme of the death and immortality. Her life's evidence through we can say that she lived much of her life in isolation. May be that's why she build friendly with death. If we look at in her life she was troubled from a young age by the ' deepening mence' of death and especially the death of those who were close to her.

In this poem Dickinson portrays death as her colleague in the carriage. We can't think of death and here death is the colleague.

Because I could not stop for Death –

He kindly stopped for me –

The Carriage held but just Ourselves –

And Immortality.

The second line is showing us that death kindly stop her personal. She said that the death is 'Kindly gentleman'. Here Dickinson try to give a human characteristic to the death.

"We slowly drove – He knew no haste

And I had put away

My labor and my leisure too,

For His Civility –"

How slowly they drove and death has no haste. And they visit various stages of life like childhood, the school and to her grave also. It seems she herself is already dead. What happen when people die?  every man ask this question to herself or himself. Here in this poem we find that the inevitability of death and the uncertainties that surround what happens when people actually die. Here we can say that how women think about the concept of Death.

Generally people don't want to talk about death but the poet who has fascinated by the death. 

Thank you......

Indian Poetics: Vinod Joshi's expert lecture

Hello readers !

Welcome to my world. Here I am summarize Vinod Joshi's lecture on Indian Poetics.  The date 3 December to 9 December sir has delivered the lecture. 

As we know that Vinod Joshi is the famous Gujarati author and poet. We all are very lucky to have Vinod Joshi as professor for Indian Poetics.

Day : 1
          ( 03 December 2019)

In a first day sir talked about what is  મીમાંસા, વિવેચન. So here we learn Indian Poetics that is like a Criticism. In a simple word sir said that : સર્જક અને કૃતિને સમજાવનાર શાસ્ત્ર એટલે વિવેચન. For more understanding  sir gives very unique example that is 

' ચકલીની ચાંચમાંથી સુરજ ઉગ્યો'  in this line we find that external tool is very important in poetry. That is very depth and simple also.

In Indian history Bharatmuni was the first, who introduce Natyashastra. Sir also talked about Western Criticism. In Western Criticism we not find that this much depth. Western who gave important to result but Indian Poetics gave important to Process as well. And that is uniqueness of Indian Poetics. How language is effect on are mind. By born we not have language but that is applied.

In Indian Poetics we have five school and that is :

👉The school of Rasa : Bharatmuni
👉The school of Dhvani : Anandvardhana
👉The school of Vakrokti : Kuntak
👉 The school of Riti : Vaman 
👉The school of Alankar : Bhamah
👉 The school of Auchitya : shyamendra

First all discussed about the school of Rasa, that is the very important.

👉 The school of Rasa :(રસ )

In Natyashastra , 6 chapter he talked about the theory of Rasa. He mentioned that :

विभावानुभावव्यभिचारी संयोगातम रसनिष्पतिः

This definition through we differentiate four word that is :

૧. વિભાવ : જેના આધારે રસ નિષ્પન્ન થાય તે
૨. અનુભાવ : જેના દ્વારા પ્રતિભાવ કે પ્રતિક્રિયા થાય તે
૩. વ્યભિચારી ભાવ (સંચારી ભાવ) : સંચારી ભાવમાં આ સ્થાયીભાવનો સમાવેશ થાય છે.
૪. સંયોગ: ઉપરના ત્રણેય નો મેળ થાય ત્યારે રસની નિષ્પત્તિ થાય  અથવા તો સંયોજન થાય.

Day : 2
          ( 04 December 2019)

First all discussed about how languages have advantage and disadvantage.   If in this world we not create a language then what is happening. But in a way language is the part of our life we can't remove it.  May be language is barrier but the instince is natural. Without language Bhava ( ભાવ ) is complete.

પ્રિયંવદા દુષ્યન્તને પૂછે છે : આ આશ્રમમાં આવીને ક્યાં નગરના લોકોને વિરહથી વ્યાકુળ કરો છો (shakuntala akhiyan mahabharat)

Bharatmuni discribe nine Stayibhava :

સ્થાયીભાવ:      સ્થાયીભાવ ના રસો :
     👇                    👇

1. રતિ -.         શૃંગાર (Eretic )

2. શોક -.         કરૂણ ( Pathetic)

3. ઉત્સાહ -      વીર ( Heroic)

4. ક્રોધ -.          રોદ્ર ( Furious)

5. હાસ -.          હાસ્ય (Comic )

6.  ભય -.          ભયાનક(Terrible )

7. જુગુપ્સા  -     બિભત્સ(odious )

8. વિસ્મય -        અદ્દભુત (Marvellous  )

9. શમ/ નિર્વેદ -.   શાંત

A. This Stayibhava can be suppressed but can't be removed. That through Bharatmuni gave nine Rasa that is very important in Indian Poetics.

श्रृंगार करुण वीर रोद्र हास्य भयानक ।
बिभत्सादभूतशांतशश्र्व नाट्ये रसा: स्मृता ।।
                                           ( नाट्यशास्त्र)

Rasa is the superior thing.

• ચાર પુતિ પૂરતીકાર

૧) ભટ્ટ લોલટ : ભટ્ટ લોલટના મતે રસ હોતો નથી ઉત્પન્ન કરવો પડે છે. આ વિચારને  ઉત્પત્તિવાદ તરીકે ઓળખવામાં આવે છે.

૨) શ્રી શંકુક : રસ હોતો જ નથી પણ ધારવાનું જ છે કે અનુમાન કરવાનું હોય છે. જેમાં પ્રતિતિ ચાર પ્રકારે અનુમાન કરાવે છે.
  યથૉથ પ્રતીતિ :
  મિથ્યા પ્રતીતિ :
  સંશય પ્રતિતિ :
  સાદૅશ્ય પ્રતિતિ :
 વિચારને અનુભૂતિવાદ તરીકે ઓળખવામાં આવે છે

૩) ભટ્ટ નાયક : પટનાયક એ સાધારણીકરણ ની વાત કરે છે જેમાં એરીસ્ટૉટલ નો કેથારસિસ (Chatharsis)નો સિદ્ધાંત પણ અનુભવાય છે.

૪) અભિનવ ગુપ્ત : અભિનવગુપ્ત ના મતે નાટક  રસાનુભવ કરે છે. પ્રકાશ, આનંદ અને વિશ્રાન્તિનો અનુભવ કરાવે છે. આ વિચારને અભિવ્યક્તિવાદ તરીકે પણ ઓળખવામાં આવે છે

Day : 3
          ( 05 December 2019)

First of all sir said that to love someone is the ( sthai bhava ). And one other thing is that how can we say that odious, pathetic is the rasa. Sir give very beautiful example from Titenic movie and literary  work that is Premanad's Nalakhyan. Many other example that feels Chatharsis in audience's mind. Sir mentioned Bhartruhari's statement  :

  साहित्य संगीत कलाविहिन: साक्त पशु पुंछविहीन:

" સાહિત્ય સંગીત અને કલા વગરનો માણસ શિંગડા અને પૂછડા વગરના પશુ સમાન છે ".


👉The School of Dhvani :

Sir talk about the theory of Dhvani that is state by Anandvardhana. And his famous work is " धवन्यालोक ". In which Dhvani means not a आवाज but व्यंजना. Sir also points out Mammat's kavyashashtra. In which we find that three types of Shabd shakati that are :

- અભિધા : જે અર્થ હોય તે જ અર્થ લેવાનો (અંધારુંનથી તો અજવાળું છે )
- લક્ષણા : શબ્દની નજીક નો અર્થ લેવાનો ( મારુ ઘર હાઈકોર્ટ રોડ ઉપર છે)
- વ્યંજના : સીધો અર્થ મળે પણ નજીક નો અર્થ લેવાનો (અંધારું થઈ ગયું - જીવનમાં દુખ આવી ગયું)
વ્યંજના માં ચમત્કૃતિ છે અને રૂઢિપ્રયોગો એ લક્ષણા નો ભાગ છે.

Sir gave one example and taught all three Shanda Shakti :

" મીઠા મધુ ને મીઠા મેહુલા રે લોલ એથી મીઠી તે મોરી માત રે"

મીઠા મધુ જે અભિધા લક્ષણા છે અને મીઠા મેહુલા મીત જેમાં નજીક નો અર્થ લેવાનો છે તેથી તે લક્ષણા છે અને એથી મીઠી તે મોરી માત એ વ્યંજના સૂચિત કરે છે.

After all Anandvardhana not accept the vyajana.

શબ્દ ધ્વનિ છે સ્ફોટ કરે છે. સ્ફોટના જાણીએ ત્યાં સુધી શબ્દ નિરર્થક છે ઉદાહરણ તરીકે ઓઢું તો ઓઢું તારી ચુંદડી.

Day : 4
          (06 December 2019)

Today we discussed about What is સાપેક્ષતા ? શબ્દને છે અર્થ મળેલ હોય છે તે સતત બદલાઈ છે, એકનો એક રહેતો નથી, અહીં આપણે એ પણ કહી શકીએ કે શબ્દ અને અર્થ હોય છે ખરો? મનુષ્ય નું મગજ એ કેટલીક વસ્તુ ને જોઈ લે છે એ પછી તેના વિશે ઇન્ટરપ્રિટ કરે છે.

આ વાત પરથી આપણે એ તારણ કાઢી શકીએ કે ભાષાને કોઇ અર્થ હોતો નથી ભાષા એક કૃત્રિમ માધ્યમ છે.

'Meaning are moveable'

• Some of the example of Vyajana :

-' એ કશું બોલી નહીં ખળ વહેતી રહી '
- ' એક છોકરી ન હોય ત્યારે કેટલા અરીસાઓ સામટા ગરીબ બની જાય છે '
- " પ્રતિબિંબને નમણો ચહેરો ગમી ગયો
 ઘૂંઘટ જરીક ખસ્યો તો અરીસો નમી ગયો"

" ध्वनि काव्यस्य आत्मा "

(ધ્વનિ એ કાવ્યનો આત્મા છે) ધ્વનિ ના ત્રણ પ્રકાર છે જે નીચે પ્રમાણે છે.

૧) વસ્તુ ધ્વની : વિચાર મુખ્ય હોય છે વિચાર મુખ્ય હોય છે.

૨) અંલકાર ધ્વની : અલંકારમા ધ્વનિ  ઉત્પન્ન થાય છે.

વસ્તુ ધ્વની ,અલંકાર ધ્વનિ એ લૌકીક છે. લૌકીક એટલે વર્ણન કરી શકાય તેવું. વસ્તુ ધ્વનીમાં વિચાર મુખ્ય હોય છે જ્યારે અલંકાર ધ્વનિ માં અલંકારમાં ધ્વનિ ઉત્પન્ન થાય છે.

૩) રસ ધ્વની :

રસ ધ્વનિમાં ભાવ કેન્દ્રમાં હોય છે. ઉદાહરણ તરીકે :

 - मेरे पिया में कुछ नहीं जानू
 मैं तो चुप चुप चाहूं

- ' હરીપર અંધો અંધો હેત,
 હું અંગૂઠા જેવડી એને વહાલ બે બે વેંત '

 -વસ્તુ ધ્વની એ વિચિત્ર છે.
- અલંકાર ધ્વની એ વિચિત્ર છે.
- રસ ધ્વનિ એ અલૌકિક છે.

👉 The School of Vakrokti :(વક્રોક્તિ)

This theory is given by great acharya Kuntak. Vakrokti gives asthetics.

- ' અમે વળી જોયું તમે વળ્યાં વળાંક
   ગલીનો હોય કે પછી નજર ન હોય વાંક '

શબ્દ અને અર્થમાં વક્રોક્તિ હોય એટલે સાહિત્ય સુંદર અને ઉત્તમ બને. વક્રોક્તિ માં શબ્દ પર સ્થિર થવાનુ ,અર્થ પર સ્થિર થવાનુ ભાવ પર નહીં. સૌંદર્ય અનુભવાય ત્યારે સાહિત્ય સાર્થક થાય છે.

" वेदण्ध्यभंगीभणीती इति वक्रोक्ति "

(વિશિષ્ટ્ટ રીતે  કહેવાતુ હોય તેે વક્રોક્તિ)

Day : 5
          ( 07 December 2019)

 Sir talk about asthetics. Each and every thing have it's own asthetics. Also we feel newness in language. Sir also gave many examples like :

"ખીંટીએ પૂછ્યું કે ક્યાં હાલ્યા,
 તો ઓઢણી એ કહ્યું ફરવા "

"હાથમાં છે તોય કેવું બહાર છે
 ભાગ્યરેખાઓ નો કેવો ભાર છે"

 "તળાવને વાગેલો પથ્થર તરંગ થઈને તળાવને પંપાળે "

" વરસાદડો તો પહેલેથી જ છે વાયડો,
 ટીપે ટીપે એ મને દબડાવે ,
જાણે કે હું એનું બૈરુ અને ઈ મારો ભાયડો "

Here we can see that how language changed and meaning also changed with time. Literature must be a joyful.

1) કારયિત્રી પ્રતિભા : સર્જન કરવાની શક્તિ.
2) ભાવયિત્રી પ્રતિભા :  ભાવન કરવાની શક્તિ.

• વક્રોક્તિના છ પ્રકાર :

૧. વર્ણ વિન્યાસ વક્રતા : વણૅ સમન્વય નીપજતું સૌંદર્ય. કાન્તની કવિતા સાગર અને શશી, 

૨ પદ પૂર્વાર્ધ વક્રતા : પદના આગળના શબ્દ નો ઉપયોગ એટલે પદ પૂર્વાર્ધ વક્રતા. દા.ત.

- તમે ટહુક્યા ને આભ મને ઓછું પડ્યું

- जहां डाल डाल पर सोने की चिड़िया

- જે કંઈ મળ્યું છે એ મળ્યું એમ ના ગણાય એ પણ મળ્યું ગણાય કે કંઈ પણ મળ્યું છે.

૩ પદ પરાધૅ વક્રતા : પદ પછી આવતું તરતનુ પદ. દા.ત. ગઢને હોંકારો કાંગરાય દેશેેે પણ ગઢમાં હોંકારો કોણ દેશે.

૪ વાક્ય વક્રતા : જે વાક્ય સમગ્ર કૃતિમાં પ્રભાવિત કરતું હોય તે વાક્ય વખત. દા.ત. "To be or not to be that is the question"

૫ પ્રકરણ વક્રતા :   કોઈ પ્રકરણને લક્ષમાં રાખીને બીજી રચના કરવી તેેે પ્રકરણ વક્રતા.દા.ત. મહાભારતમાંથી અભિજ્ઞાનશાકુંતલમ.

૬ પ્રબંધ વક્રતા : આખી કૃતિ ભલે બે પાત્રોની હોય પણ તેમાં નૈતિક સંદેશ હોય ત્યારે પ્રબંધ કાવ્ય કહેવાય.

• અભિવ્યક્તિની ત્રણ શૈલીઓ હોય છે જે નીચે પ્રમાણે છે.

-  પ્રાસાદિક શૈલી : સામાન્ય વાતચીતથી સમજાય તેવી શૈલી એટલે પ્રાસાદિક શૈલી.

- ઓજસ શૈલી :જે ભાષામાં આહવાન થતું હોય પડકાર થતો હોય તે જ વર્તતો હોય તે ઓજસ શૈલી.

- માધુયૅ શૈલી : સાંભળવું ગમે અથવા તો શ્રુતિરમ્ય હોય તે શૈલી એટલે માધુયૅ શૈલી.
In modern Criticism we not find that this three stylistic approach.

Day : 6
           ( 08 December 2019)

👉 The school of Alankar : Bhamah :

This  Alankar is ornament not natural. First of all we applied language and then we applied various ornament. This ornament is not necessary but important also. Mammat's Kavyashashtra we find that the definition of kavya. Which Alankar where used that is the important part ,if that is not in a good place then that is nothing.

तद दोस्त शब्दार्थो सगुण: अनलकृतिक क्वापि

જો કાવ્યમાં કોઈ અલંકાર ઓળખી ના શકાય તો જ તે કાવ્ય ઉત્તમ ગણાય. એમાં તાટસ્થયપુવૅકનુ તાદાત્મ્ય હોવું જરૂરી છે. Sir also gave many examples  Alankar from different perspective like premanand and Bhalan.

  👉 The school of Riti : Vaman

Riti means style. In which staylistic standard author who written. Vaman who gave this theory. In his views Riti is most important  thing. Style is personality.

रीतिरात्मा काव्यस्य ।

કાલિદાસ પોતાના મેઘદૂત કાવ્ય માં લખે છે :

• " જુનું હતું તે સારું જ નથી, જો કોઈ નવું તો તે અવજ્ઞા ને પાત્ર છે, તેવું પણ નથી જાણકાર પરીક્ષા કરે મૂર્ખાઓ બીજાના કહેવા પ્રમાણે કરે "

સામાન્ય શબ્દોમાં કહીએ તો રીતી એટલે લેખકની લખવાની શૈલી. જે શૈલીઓ નીચે પ્રમાણે છે.

• વૈદભીૅ શૈલી :
• પાંચાલી શૈલી :
• ગૌરી શૈલી : 
• લાઠી શૈલી : 

 👉 The school of Auchitya : kshemendra

First of all sir said that in Western Criticism we find that this type of thing in a different word. Like Aristotle's theory on time place and action. How the language and all the scene is perfect for kavya that is the Auchitya.

" Best word in best order "

This Auchitya theory is given by kshemendra. 
પહોંચી તેની વ્યાખ્યા આપતા ક્ષેમેન્દ્ર જણાવે છે
જેને જે અનુરૂપ હોય તેને આચાર્ય ઉચિત કહે છે અને ઉચિત નું છે ભાવ તે ઓછી કહેવાય છે. એ પછી તે ત્રણ કારિકાઓમાં  તેઓ ઔચિત્ય ના ૨૮ ભાવો ગણાવે છે જેમાં પદમાં, વાક્યમાં, પ્રબંધના અર્થમાં ગુણમાં, અલંકારમાં, રસમાં,ક્રિયામાં, કારકમાં, લિંગમાં, વચનમા, વિશેષણમાં, ઉપસર્ગમાં, નીપાતમાં,  સ્વભાવમાં, સારસંગ્રહમાં, પ્રતિભામાં, કાવ્યાંગોમાં રહેતા ઔચિત્ય ને વ્યાપી જીવિત કહે છે. અર્થાત કાવ્યનું એવું એક પણ અંગ નથી જેમાં ઔચિત્ય ની આવશ્યકતા ન હોય,  ઔચિત્ય એ કાવ્યના અણુએ અણુમાં વ્યાપી રહેલું એનું જીવિત અંગ છે.

We all thankful to Vinod Joshi sir and Dilip barad sir. This six day we gain very delicious knowledge from vinod sir. Sir explained with very innovative example.we all are very happy to learn from vinod sir.

Thank you.....

Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie

Welcome to my world. Here in this blog I am going to discuss about Nigerian author:

Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie 

She is born on 15 September 1977. Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie is multi talented writer and Feminist, lecturer, motivational speaker and many more. She is Nigerian author whose work drew extensively on the Biafram war in Nigeria during the late 1960s. She is the fifth of six children.

If we look at on her writing style, then we find that her ability to develop perspective and her tone. In all her works Adichie is also to maintain a consistent and we'll flushed voice wether is her own or her character. Another thing is that she uses narrative technique in her works. That is the famous work by her,

• Americanah (2013)

• Half of a yellow sun (2006)

• Purple Hibiscus (2003)

• We Should All be Feminist (2014)

Task : watch the video and then give the answer: ( To watch a video click here )

# Whether you liked or disliked the view ?

Yes, I like the view of her. Which way she expressed her thoughts and also give an example that is very impressive.
# Why you liked or disliked ?


I like her view because she talked about very lively example of the incident. She talked about how different types of story made by people. I like the thoughts because that is somehow related to our culture and society.


# Which views you like or disliked?

She explained how story is creating by people. How we differentiate the truth  from various story. Then she talked about Feminist. In which she gave Many example like her schooling experience. Also talked about in her country Nigeria, without male any woman don't want any bar.

Other things is that the marriage, if any woman who not married in proper age then that is the big problem. Another thing is that no one teach man that to be a virgin, but that the same thing is for women that she have to be virgin. She also mentioned that  what is the barrier for women that is the culture.

" People make a culture, culture not make a man. So now the time to change the culture."

In the last video she talked about tuth.  All  the time we have to search for truth. Always being detective.

# Has these views helped in better understanding of literature and life ?

Yes , that is very important and helpful to us in better understanding of any literary works. If we have detectiveness then we stand for perfect meaning.