Study on Alfred Tennyson and Robert Browning, Charles Dickens and George Eliot

Hello readers !

   

                       Welcome to my world. This blog is the part of my academic activity. This blog is about comparison between Alfred Tennyson (1809 - 1892) and Robert Browning (1812 - 1889).  They  belong to  the Victorian age(1850 - 1900)( dates according to William.J.long). And also this age known as  The modern period of progress and unrest. It was a long period of sensibility self - confidence in Britain. Victorian age is known as the age of magazines, books and the modern novel. Basically this age is known as an age of prose.

The famous form of literature the novel  is started increase vin this time. The novel in this age fill a place which the drama held in the days of Elizabeth.Spend not where you may save; spare not wher hie you must spend. This sentence through we can say that how the poverty layered in England.

🌟 Difference between Alfred Tennyson and Robert Browning  :

So the both writer who has belong to different life - style, hobbies and behavior. So that is the difficult task. So here we focused on both writers writing style his main theme, any specific style that followed by him. Which way the writing ground is differs. So let's think that all the things in detail.

👉 Alfred Tennyson and Robert Browning :

Alfred Tennyson :

" Tears, idle tears, I know not what they mean,

Tears from the depths of some devine despair

Rise in the heart, and gather to the eyes,

In looking on the happy autumn fields,

And thinking of the days that are no more. "

            - Alfred Lord Tennyson

The following poetry lines through we can imagine the situation of Tennyson. We can say he tries to recall is unsatisfied schooling days. This particular time period he started writing ,  Collaboratively work with his brother and the volume appeared that is  poems by Two Brothers in 1827. He entered college at that time  he met brilliant circle of friends, chief of whom was the young poet Arthur Henry Hallam.  He was influenced by Byron. He was appointed poet laureate, because the death of Wordsworth in the year of 1850.

Tennyson suffered from extreme short-sightedness without a monocle he could not even see to eat which gave him considerable difficulty writing and reading, and this disability in part accounts for his manner of creating poetry: Tennyson composed much of his poetry in his head, occasionally working on individual poems for many years.

His famous work :

No.	Famous poetry	Publication date
1.	The Revenge : A Ballad of the Fleet	1878
2.	'The Princess, a Melody'	1847
3.	' Poems'	1842
4.	' In Memoriam'	1849
5.	' The Idylls of the king '	(1859-1885)
6.	' English Idyls'	1842

  Who has written many poetry that is famous in world wide. Tennyson tries to suggest the realism and idealism. Tennyson’s life is a remarkable one in this respect, that from beginning to end he seems to have been dominated by a single impulse, the impulse of poetry. (If you want to know more then click here )

👉 Robert Browning :

Robert Browning (7 May 1812 – 12 December 1889) was an English poet and playwright whose mastery of the dramatic monologue made him one of the foremost Victorian poets.The one poet of the age who, after thirty of continuous work was finally recognized and placed besides Tennyson and  whom future ages may judge to be a greater poet.

The dramatic monologue, this form invented and practiced mainly by Robert Browning, Alfred Tennyson, Dante Rossetti, and other Victorians, have been much debated in the last several decades. In this form a long speech by a single person, similar to a soliloquy, this type of discretion mentioned.

His famous work :

Pippa passes (1841)

The Ring and the book ( 1868- 1869)

Dramatic lyrics (1842)

Dramatic Romance and lyrics (1844)

Men and Women (1855)

Dramatic persone (1864)

Pauline (1833)

• (For  know more work of him click here )

Alfred Tennyson	Robert Browning
✍️He employed a wide range of styles, and had a deep understanding of meter and rhyme scheme. Tennyson used a simple and plain style, where in some of his poems contain highly sensuous language. Tennyson merged his language with contrasting images, which resonate throughout his poems. He adopted richness of imagery from Romantic poets like Edmund Spenser and John Keats, and handled rhythm tactfully.  Ex. ' In Memoriam' (1850) In this particular poem through we got the writing style of Tennyson. one of the most famous work of Alfred Lord Tennyson and is considered one of the great poems of the 19th century.  I hold it true, whate’er befall; I feel it when I sorrow most; ‘Tis better to have loved and lost Than never to have loved at all. ✍️ Basically in Tennyson 's work is always artistic, never studied art, but was devoted to the sciences. He was under the influence of the romantic revival and choose his subjects daintily. ✍️ In Tennyson's message we find that Laws implies a source, amethod , an object. After facing his doubts honestly and manfully, finds law even in sorrow and losses of humanity. He gives this law an infinite and personal source, and find the supreme purpose of all law to be a revelation of divine love. In his views individual will must be suppressed and also the self must always be subordinate. ✍️Theme and subject matter :the theme of reconciliation of religion and science, the glory of England,  Nature ,Death, Grief, Artistic Isolation, spirituality, Time, Courage etc.	✍️ Browning's mainly relies on dramatic monologues, in which the actions, settings, and characters are revealed through their own words. However, this revelation is not done deliberately but inadvertently as the speaker reveals himself and his past actions through images and symbols. Ex : 'My Last Duchess' Robert Browning’s most famous and widely studied dramatic monologue, ‘My Last Duchess’ is spoken by the Duke of Ferrara. That’s my last Duchess painted on the wall, Looking as if she were alive. I call That piece a wonder, now; Fra Pandolf’s hands Worked busily a day, and there she stands. Will’t please you sit and look at her? I said “Fra Pandolf” by design, for never read Strangers like you that pictured countenance, ✍️ Browning's work bus seldom artistic in form thought art was the suitable subject for man's study. He takes comely and ugly subjects with equal pleasure and aims to show that truth lies hidden in both the evil and the good. ✍️ Browning's message we find that the triumph of the individual will over all obstacles, the self is not subordinate but supreme. There is nothing Oriental, nothing doubtful, nothing pessimistic in whole range of his poetry. He saying  " I can and I will " Therefore he was far more radically English than Tennyson. Because he is the more studied man than Tennyson and while youth delights in Tennyson but the manhood is better satisfied  Browning. ✍️Theme and subject matter : Death, Truth / subjectivity, Delusion, Beauty, the Quest, Religion, The Grotesque, Multi perspectives on single events, The purpose of art, The relationship between Art and Morality.

Mary Ann Evans George  ( 1819 - 1880) Eliot and Charles Dickens ( 1812 - 1870)  both writer belongs to the Victorian period. Both known for his or her novel. And also here I am mentioned one thing is that both writer's life has shaped by their family, friends and environment. This three play a vital role. And however, it is individual that eventually had to make initiative upon themselves that finally make the difference.

Let's discuss one by one this important writer.

Charles Dickens :

He was famous for his novel.

Dickens  is a poor obscure and suffering child. He was helping to support a shiftless family by pasting labels on blacking bottles,sleeping under a counter like a homeless cat. In 1836 his Pickwick was published and his life is changed.

" Suffering has been stronger than all other teaching, and has taught me to understand what your heart used to be. I have been bent and broken, but I hope into a better shape. "

So in this quotation through we get the idea about his suffering. As a boy he worked in cellar blacking factory. Dickens was a marvelously keen observer, with an active imagination which made stories out of incidents and character acters that ordinary men would have hardly noticed.

No.	Famous work	Publication date
1.	Pickwick	( 1836-1837)
2.	American Notes	1842
3.	Martin Chuzzlewit	1843-1844
4.	A Christmas Carol	1843
5.	David and Copperfield	1850
6.	Bleak House	1853
7.	Oliver twist	1838
8.	Great Expectations	1861

★ Dickens novel :

If we look at on his novel then and then we find that the subject matter and all the things. Like in his first novel  Pickwick and n which we find that each chapter have cartoon by Seymour, so this novel through Dickens labeled a humorist.

In the Oliver twist we got the real picture of the poor people. How they suffering throughout the novel. It's hero is poor child and he was the unfortunate victim of society.

In his every novel he portrayed child character as hero and also the poor people. So in his next work like Nicholas Nickleby  in which vww find that the giving us mirth on the one hand, injustice and suffering on the other,, mingling humor band pathos, teat and laughter.

Also in his novel we find that the real picture of Victorian period and that people and society.  He was highlighted the factory system and it's illness.

David Copperfield is masterpiece big him. That is not only famous for unusual interest of the story, but also for the glimpse it gives us of the author's own boyhood and family

• His style of writing :

Dickens written in picturesque style.  That through reveals his usual imaginative outlook on life and his fondness for fine sentiment band dramatic episodes.

George Eliot : 

Mary Ann Evans  that is her real name . George Eliot is her pen name.

" It is never too late to be what

you might have been "

So in her sentence through we find that her characteristic. As a woman what type of thought she have and what is the mentality of society in those days, but how she is fighting against that tradition of patriarchal society. Here she including women's identity.

In her work through we got the idea and also analyze the problems of life and on the other tendency to teach  problems may be solved.

Adam bede - 1859

The Mill on the Floss

Middlemarch -( 1871-1872)

Daniel Deronda - 1876

Romola (1862- 1863)

The Spanish Gypsy -1868

Felix Holt - 1866

Collection of miscellaneous Essays called The Impression of Theophrastus Such (1879)

 If look at in her works then we got ideas that How she thinks about people and various types of situations. What is the importance of women in Victorian period.  In her work  Romola, we find that  mingling of moral Philosophy, against the background of the mighty Renaissance movement. In which she was writing of things of which she had no personal knowledge. In which she discussed Italian life.

In her novel Middlemarch we find that less spontaneous and more laboured and pedantic than her early novel.

General characteristic of her novel :

In the words of D. H. Lawrence, “It all started with George Eliot; it was she who put the action on the inside,” thus giving impetus to the rise of the psychological novel, where the most significant actions derive from the motives of the characters rather than from external events.

Romantic Age and Victorian age :

This two age is most important age in English literature.

The age of Romanticism ( 1800-1850)

The Victorian age ( 1850-1900)

The Age of Romanticism

The Victorian period

👉 Known as the second creative period of English literature and age of poetry. 👉The romantic period was an artistic and literary movement that originated in Europe towards the end of the 18th century. 👉 The age Romanticism was a very turbulent period, during which England experienced the ordeal of change from a primarily agricultural society to a modern industrial nation. French Revolution storming of the Bastille had a great influence on English society and literature. It influenced almost every sphere of life. 👉 Romantic literature : Romantic poets revered and adored nature.Romantic poetry was a reaction against conventions, rules, and traditional laws of poetry. Romantic poetry is the poetry of emotion, passion, and sentiments. According to Wordsworth, one of the important Romantic poets, “Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings: it takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility.” 👉 Nature is one of the most used themes in romantic poetry; nature was something to be revered and admired. It was a source of inspiration, happiness, and satisfaction. Pastoral life, medievalism, Hellenism, supernaturalism are also important features of romantic poetry. 👉 Romantic literature is emotionally expressive, it often uses phrases such as "Oh!" to give the impression of a sudden onrush of feeling. Examples of these dramatic expressions in the poems include ‘Ah!’ and ‘O!’ among others. In the poem ‘Ode on a Grecian Urn’ by John Keats, some of the verses with these expressions include  ‘Ah, happy, happy boughs! That cannot shed,’ ‘O mysterious priest,’ or ‘mountain-built with peaceful citadel’  among many others. It brought a more brave, individual, and imaginative approach to both literature and life. During this time the individual became more important than society.

👉 known as the modern period of progress and unrest and age of prose. 👉 Victorian period is the period during the reign of Queen Victoria( 1837).  This particular age is contrast with the romantic age with the poetic fruitfulness of the romantic age. 👉 The Victorian age was a period of great progress and prosperity for the nation. This was a period in which industry, technology, and science were celebrated with renewed vigor. Because of the rapid extension of colonialism England became a very powerful empire and also the center of world power. 👉 Victorian literature: Victorian poets regarded nature as in a more realistic and less idealistic angel. In this period the Victorian novel that played an important role in Victorian literature. The novelist like  charles Dickens, William Thackeray, George Eliot,Thomus Hardy, Stevenson etc. Victorian poets displayed an interest in the medieval literature of England. The heroic and chivalry knights were a particular favorite of Victorian poets. 👉The use of sensory elements was another important characteristic of Victorian poetry. Many Victorian Poets used imagery and the sensory elements to express the struggles between Religion and Science and ideas about Nature and Romance. 👉  They used Dramatic monologue as a theme of writing. If look at for example then a good example of the poem that adopted these styles was Robert Browning’s ‘My Last Duchess”. Some of the verses which show these are:  “That’s my last Duchess painted on the wall, Looking as if she were alive. I call, That piece a wonder, now: Fra Pandolf’s hand, Worked busily a day, and there she stands, Will’t please you sit and look at her?”  Furthermore, as passed to Romantic era, most of the Victorian poems show skepticism of religion.

Thank you ......🙂

Aradhana Bhatt - પ્રવાસીની

નમસ્કાર !

રાષ્ટ્રીય_સાહિત્ય_અકાદમી_દિલ્હી_અને_ગુજરાતી_ભાષા_સાહિત્ય_ભવન_દ્વારા_આયોજિત
#પ્રવાસી_મંચ
#આરાધના_ભટ્ટ

આજે તારીખ 24 જાન્યુઆરી 2020 ના રોજ ગુજરાતી ભાષા સાહિત્ય ભવન દ્વારા પ્રવાસી મંચ નું આયોજન કરવામાં આવ્યું હતું જેમાં ઘણા બધા વિદ્ધવાનો, અધ્યાપકો અને વિદ્યાર્થીઓ હાજર હતા. તેમજ અતિથિ વિશેષ તરીકે આરાધના ભટ્ટ  (click here to know more) જેવોઓસ્ટ્રેલિયાના પ્રવાસે થી ભારત આવેલા ગુજરાતી લેખિકા હાજર હતા. વિશેષ મહાનુભાવોમાં કવિશ્રી વિનોદ જોશી, મધુકરભાઈ, જયંત મેઘાણી, સુભાષભાઈ,ચિંતનભાઈ તેમજ  અંગ્રેજી, અર્થશાસ્ત્ર અને શિક્ષણશાસ્ત્ર ના વિદ્યાર્થીઓ અને અધ્યાપકો હાજર હતા.

મહેન્દ્રસિંહ પરમાર દ્વારા શાબ્દિક સ્વાગત કરવામાં આવ્યું હતું અને પછી  વિનોદ જોશી દ્વારા ખુબ જ સરસ રીતે આરાધના ભટ્ટ નો પરિચય કરાવવામાં આવ્યો જેમાં તેમની બોલવાની શૈલી થી માંડી અને તેમના રસના વિષયો, આવડતો જેવીકે અંગ્રેજી અને ગુજરાતી ભાષામાં માહિર અને સંગીતના પણ જાણકાર અને લેખિકા તરીકે ત્રણ પુસ્તકો પ્રકાશિત કર્યા છે. જેમાં પ્રવાસીની કૃતિમાં તેમણે વિદેશમાં રહેતી ભારતીય મહિલાઓની મનઃસ્થિતિ અને તેઓ વિદેશમાં રહી અને દેશ વિશે કેવું અનુભવે છે, તેની વાત કરેલ છે.

આરાધના ભટ્ટ દ્વારા પણ રસપ્રદ વાતો કરવામાં આવી જેમાં તેમની ભારત અને ઓસ્ટ્રેલિયાની સફરની પણ વાત કરી અને ઓસ્ટ્રેલિયા માં થયેલા ઘણા બધા અનુભવો અને ઘણી બધી ગમતી ન ગમતી વાતો કરી, કઈ રીતે તેઓ આ બે દેશ વચ્ચે એક રેડિયો પ્રસારણ ના માધ્યમથી તેઓએ સેતુની ભૂમિકા ભજવી. આજથી ૧૩ વર્ષ પહેલા તેઓએ સુર સંવાદ ગુજરાતી રેડિયોની સ્થાપના કરી જેમાં તેઓ વિવિધ કાર્યક્રમો કરે છે જેવા કે કાવ્યપઠન, સંગીત અને સંવાદ વગેરે. તેમની લાગણીને તેમના જ શબ્દોમાં દર્શાવીએ તો

"જ્યારે જ્યાં છું ત્યાં ત્યાંની જ હોવ છું "

વધારે માં તેમણે એ પણ ઉમેર્યું કે ગુજરાતી ભાષાને ઓસ્ટ્રેલિયા જઈને જ મેં પામી છે. તેઓએ રેડિયોમાં થતા સંવાદમાં કઈ રીતે સ્વાધ્યાય કરવું પડે તેમજ કેવા પ્રશ્નો પૂછવા અને તેમાં કેવા જવાબ મળશે તેના અનુસંધાને તેમાંથી પણ કઈ રીતે પોતાની જોઈતી વાત બોલાવવી તે વિશેની પણ સરસ વાત કરી.

પ્રશ્નોત્તરીમાં પણ વિદ્યાર્થીઓ દ્વારા રસપ્રદ પ્રશ્નો પુછવામાં આવ્યા. જેમાંથી પણ ઓસ્ટ્રેલિયાના શિક્ષણ, લોકોની માનસિકતા, ત્યાંના રાજનૈતિક વાતાવરણ, તેમજ ત્યાં વસતા ગુજરાતીઓ વિશે જાણવા મળ્યું કે તેઓ ઓસ્ટ્રેલિયા માં રહીને ગુજરાત વિષે શું વિચારે છે અને ગુજરાતી ભાષાને કેવો પ્રતિસાદ આપે છે. મેડમ પાસેથી ઓસ્ટ્રેલિયા તેમજ  ગુજરાતી સાહિત્ય, સંગીત વિષય પર પણ જાણ્યું અને ખૂબ જ આનંદ અનુભવ્યો.

આ કાર્યક્રમમાં આમંત્રણ બદલ ગુજરાતી ભાષા-સાહિત્ય ભવન અને મહેન્દ્રસિંહ પરમાર સરના વિશેષ આભારી છીએ. તેમજ આ તક માટે દિલીપ બારડ સરના પણ આભારી છીએ.

આભાર !

Thinking activity on Derrida and Deconstruction

Hello readers !

       Welcome to my world ! This blog is about deconstruction. How deconstruction came as term in english literature and criticism,  what means by Deconstruction, how can we apply this term in any literary works or any image, T.V. serials, movies or anything. Here in this blog we have to apply this term deconstruction in any form of literary works.

If we say that we understand the term 'Deconstruction' then that is assumption, himself Derrida said that we can't define anything. Jacques Derrida (1930–2004) was the founder of “deconstruction". He himself not define the term Deconstruction. This Theory better called as 'post - structuralism'. 

In the following image we see that the slogan that suggest us to be like Gandhi. The words like " Use words not weapons" that is not sufficient in every situation like that if you are fighting with someone and who have weapons in their hands then you can't use your words in that critical condition. After many war we are here in this situation that "peace not war".  All the people who said that don't go for war that means with conversation sought out the problems not with weapons.

If we look at the difference between the sign of Derrida and Saussurean.

" Derridian sign is free play of meaning that is signifiers and that signifying nothing"

Here the sign 'word' and 'weapons' is signified nothing. 

As we say that language is the most dangerous weapon. As the image talk about for peace and human rights and stand together but I am Deconstruct that thing because the ' word' is language and language is itself dangerous weapons. So the sign ' word ' is not signified the meaning of you can say nothing. So this is how we can say that the deconstruction are questions and also subverting and undermine the meaning.

* Let's have a look on this advertisement :

The following advertisement is about the 'zigy an online market place for medicine and health care products'. In which the lady who has work in office and also know how to use technology in a better way.  In the way she is breaking the traditional rules of Indian mentality. Also they showed us that she had divorced with his husband then and then also she is helping her mother in' law by saving her times she had ordered medicine on an online platform. How she is portraying in such so cold ideal daughter in law.

So here I am interpreting the advertisement , as post - Structuralist critics do. First of all I am questioning to the situation, that after divorce why she is helping her mother in law ?  Basically the add is known as thought provoking add. But in reality that is not, that is my point of view. We can say that the advertisement through they showed the women who helps other women. But why in advertisement one man who not showed and work like this. Why this people showed one woman who is divorced and then also helped her past family.

Is this a new policy of patriarchal society. That women should support of her husband's family after divorce then that is not thought provoking advertise. May be people want this kind of behavior from the woman.  Then that is problematic thing here. In this way the advertisement is showing us , how the center is decentered. So in this case what they tries to convince the audience. Here accidentally showed binary opposition between man and women. As Derrida contends that ' the center could not be thought in the form of a being presence ' and that is given in any texts.

Thank you........

Thinking activity on structuralism

Hello readers !

Welcome to my world. This blog is part of my academic activity. This blog is about Structuralism and literary Criticism.

When we hear the word "structuralism" then we think that what is it?  In a general meaning a movement of thought in the humanities, widespread in anthropology, linguistics, and literary theory, and influential in the 1950s and ’60s. Based primarily on the linguistic theories of Ferdinand de Saussure, structuralism considered language as a system of signs and signification, the elements of which are understandable only in relation to each other and to the system. This term borrowed from linguistics.

Structuralism is an intellectual movement and approach, that relate to all human sciences. In society one who follow the rules and became docile, subjected from the power and surrendered. So that is the Structuralism.

In our life everything is constructed by others, even our perception and thought itself, are constructed and not natural, and in particular that everything has meaning because of the language system in which we operate. It is closely related to Semiotics, the study of signs, symbols and communication, and how meaning is constructed and understood.

So the task is  as structuralist critic , how we connect the Structuralist approach with any serials, movies, images or advertisement.

In many Hindi movie we see that the same structure and plot also. In which we mentioned that some of the incident is same. That showed a culture and intertextual connection. The movies are :

Structuralist critics analyse mainly prose narratives, what is the conventions of a particular genre. If we look at on Genette's Narrative Discourse: An Essay in Method in which first main concept is that "order"  Basically each and every story have their own beginning , middle and the end. But sometimes we see that the chronology of the event is not followed in a perfect form. 

One of the recent example is that the web series : Queen, that is a 2019 Indian historical drama web television series. That is based on the novel of the same name by Anita Sivakumaran, which is loosely based on the life of the late Tamil Nadu Chief Minister Jayalalithaa.  The whole story at the beginning to the end is about her life and her suffering and struggle against society.

In the beginning we see that she is sitting in  chair and front of media. And she giving answer of the question. So in this answers we know about her. So this way the story is going on. That is the different narrative technique.

Now If we look at  the structure of the movie and then we find how structure changed with time. When we think how tradition that is expressed in movies with context of real life. Basically luxurious or millionaire women who don't want to marry with poor man. In the many Bollywood movies we find that different structure from that context. In this following movies like Anari no 1, Dulhe Raja. Both of these movies have the same structure. In which the hero who is not belongs to luxurious life and who is Marry with prosperous women. So we can say that the structure is changed.

👉Anari no 1: 

Naive Raja (Govinda) is employed as a lowly waiter in a hotel. One day he serves and looks after a wealthy businessman K.K. (Kader Khan), who lends him a suit, and gives him some money, so that he could find a rich woman to woo and marry. Raja thinks Sapna (Raveena Tandon) is wealthy and successfully woos her and wins her heart, only to find out that she too is on the lookout for a rich prince charming. She thought Raja was the rich, debonair, and eligible bachelor Rahul Saxena (Govinda).

👉Dulhe Raja :

Poor Raja opens a fast foot restaurant right opposite a five star hotel run by it’s owner Singhania, earning his wrath. The wealthy hotel owner uses all his influence to remove Raja, but in vain. Things get worse for the wealthy man, when his daughter Kiran wants to marry the poor hotelier. Then both get married.

So here I am deals with one advertisement. First of all you think about whether this advertise is about friendship or like kidnapping.

You  can see in the advertise that neither this advertise is about friendship or nor about kidnapping.  So that two possibilities became our convention. Because from childhood we treat like this that if whoever seems with knife then we think that something bad is happening, and if one who is talking very gentle way then we do not worry. But the whole thing is unfold in the last when the brand's picture and the word like "Dikhane ka jee kare". Generally people who invite people for build their relationship but now time we see that the reason behind invite people for showed their wealth. So this advertisement through we can see that how time is changed. People don't really interested in those people rather than showing his or her wealth. This way the advertisement unfold in different ways.

 So this image is become a sign for whole advertisement. So we think that this advertise is about friendship but that is not but is about Greenlam laminates.

Thank you 😊......

Thinking activity on Northrop Frye : Archetypal criticism

Hello readers !

Welcome to my world.

 Here in this blog you know about Northrop Frye (1912 - 1991) and his concept of 'Archetypal Criticism' . He was written more than forty books, but the most celebrated work is Anatomy of Criticism (1951). ' The Archetypes of literature ' is first published in Kenyon review ( vol. 8, 1951), later reprinted in Fables on Identity,  is in Frye's word

 ' to some extent summarized the statement of the critical program' later expanded in Anatomy of Criticism.

So the Archetypal criticism is good for  Novel and also the poetry and drama. The theory of Carl Jung , ' Collective unconsciousness' is not followed by Frye. Because Jung believed that literature originated in collective unconsciousness stored as racial memory within each individual. But for Frye literature originates in other literature as stories are broken down into bits and reshaped into other stories. If we look at in literature each and every story have beginning, middle and end. But the modern literature and the modern writer who don't believe in this structure.

Let's have some of the questions about Northrop Frye and his ' Archetypes of literature'.

✍️ What is Archetypal criticism ?What does the Archetypal critic do ?

 The word Archetypes is from the Greek word arkhetupon, the first mold and the model,in the meaning of being initial version of something later multiplied. In literature, an archetype is a typical character, an action, or a situation that seems to represent universal patterns of human nature.

Archetypal criticism is the type of critical theory that is mainly interpret a text by the narrative technique and the symbol, various imagery, type of character, incident and also literary works.  Is the study of how writer used mythical symbol and also different images. And also identify them how that is appropriate.

If we think the job of Archetypal critic then we find that they have to know about the various Archetypes and do note that how one writer used that specific Archetypes, in this literary work, what does that mean?  How that is appropriate with the context of history.

✍️What is Frye trying to prove by giving an analogy of ' Physics to Nature'  and ' Criticism to literature'?

Frye's trying to compare both elements like ' physics to nature' and  ' Criticism to literature' . Here we can see how Frye prove his view through comparing season's characteristics with literary work, and it's genres , characteristic of character and emotions. There are two frameworks by Frye that is comedy and Tragedy and that subdivision in Satire and Romance.

Frye discuss the four seasons that is Spring, Summer, Autumn, winter.

four seasons in the cycle of the natural world, are incorporated in the four major genres of 

👉 comedy (spring),

👉  Romance (summer), 

👉 Tragedy (autumn), 

👉 Satire (winter).

So the each season aligned with different literary genres. Comedy paired with spring that through we can say that the birth of the hero and also spring symbolize the defeat of winter and darkness.

✍️ Share your views of criticism as an organized body of knowledge. Mention relation of literature with History and Philosophy.

Criticism is the organized body of knowledge. That through we look at various approaches.  Literature have a vital reaction with History and Philosophy. Both of strong pillars of the literature. In between literature grown. Philosophy as important as history or vice versa. In history we find that past events, action and scene. In philosophy we look for  morality, ethics and wisdom. Let's see how literature made up, literature is all about ideas and events. Without event we not get any idea and without idea no literature.

✍️ Briefly explain inductive method with illustration of Shakespeare's Hamlet's grave digger's scene.

Northrop Frye discuss the two methods to prove his observation that is Inductive method and Deductive method. In the inductive method observation from particular to general. For understanding of this concept the best example is the Hamlet's grave digger's scene by Shakespeare. By The closet study  we get the general meaning through the particular thing or event. There were two men who made a grave for Ophelia. Singing a song and quietly do his work. They also mocking on dead Ophelia and commented that whether she allowed to buried or not. Here we can see that they have no grief for deadly person. They do work as we do other work. They don't have grief at all.

 Another thing is that Wilson Knight who was the literary critic and his famous work The wheel of fire  in which we find that  collection of Essays on Shakespearean play. He argued that the scene reflection of the society of that time. Social political scenario of the time. The skull representation of the corrupted society. This particular scene Hamlet expressed his love for Ophelia and that is lead towards his death. So we can say that this is the example of the inductive method particular to general.

✍️ Briefly explain deductive method with reference to an analogy to music, painting, rhythm and pattern.

In the Deductive method we see that the Process going on general to particular. If we take reference to an analogy to music  then we can say that move in time whether the painting presented space in terms of arts. In both cases organizing principle recurrence. So the reputation  is gives us general ideas.

In music Rhythm is temporal and in painting pattern is spatial. In the reading of the book we feel  both elements together.

✍️ Give example of the outcome of deductive method, Refer to the Indian seasonal grid. (If you can, please read a small Gujarati, Hindi and English poem from the Archetypal approach and apply Indian seasonal grid in the interpretation.)

In the Indian seasonal grid and Hindi scriptures, we find that six seasons to  that are: 

 Winter

 Pre- winter

 Summer

 Spring

 Autumn

 Monsoon

In which Northrop Frye mentioned how season came as an archetype in literature.  Here this poem is about summer.

Our Summertime Fun

I looked outside and viewed the trees,

Smelled the summer air,

I felt the warm breeze.

The sun with its golden bars.

That drop so gently on the field afar.

The beautiful blue sky,

Painted very seldom with white clouds so high.

The wet green grass,

Doused with the morning's rain.

Perfect weather for camping.

We'll go have a fish.

Mum will mix the batter,

And stick the fish on a platter.

A joy so reckless and wild,

That's in the heart of every child.

Now we look at our skin.

Let the sunburns begin.

We'll play in the sun.

• Adelle M. Scott ( June 21, 2019)

So in the first stanza we find that the discretion of the summer. As we know  that summer aligned with romance. Smelled the summer air and beautiful blue sky. In the second stanza the line 

'Perfect weather for camping

We'll go have fish'

So in this line through we can say that summer is the season of happiness and also festive. 

Sunday reading activity : ( click here to visit my blog on religion and literature

Thank you........